Advances in the study of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells and cardiac cells for the treatment of myocardial infarction

Abstract

Acute myocardial infarction has long been the leading cause of death in coronary heart disease, which is characterized by irreversible cardiomyocyte death and restricted blood supply. Conventional reperfusion therapy can further aggravate myocardial injury. Stem cell therapy, especially with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), has emerged as a promising approach to promote cardiac repair and improve cardiac function. MSCs may induce these effects by secreting exosomes containing therapeutically active RNA, proteins and lipids. Notably, normal cardiac function depends on intracardiac paracrine signaling via exosomes, and exosomes secreted by cardiac cells can partially reflect changes in the heart during disease, so analyzing these vesicles may provide valuable insights into the pathology of myocardial infarction as well as guide the development of new treatments. The present review examines how exosomes produced by MSCs and cardiac cells may influence injury after myocardial infarction and serve as therapies against such injury. Graphical Abstract

Adipocyte-released adipomes in Chagas cardiomyopathy: Impact on cardiac metabolic and immune regulation

“…Our current study delves into the role of AT- and plasma-derived adipomes in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy. The myocardium can be regulated by exosomes derived from various cell types, 110 , 111 including exosomes produced by T. cruzi . 112 Studies have demonstrated that T. cruzi -derived EVs exert immunomodulatory effects with potential applications in CD treatment.…”

Hydrogel-exosome system in tissue engineering: A promising therapeutic strategy

“…For example, monocyte-derived exosomes may contain anti-inflammatory proteins and miRNA, which can contribute to the alleviation of inflammatory responses [ 80 ]. Exosomes isolated from myocardial cells may play a crucial role in mediating pathological fibrotic remodeling, promoting cardiac vascularization, and inhibiting myocardial infarction [ [81] , [82] , [83] ].…”

Engineered exosomes and composite biomaterials for tissue regeneration

“…The diversity of cardiac cells and their ability to mitigate or exacerbate myocardial injury necessitate further research on the effects of exosome cargo on specific signaling pathways (Figure 5 ). Future research should examine ways to pretreat or genetically modify parental cells to maximize exosome therapeutic efficacy 99 .…”

“…Reproduced with permission from the ref. 99 , Copyright 2021, Wiley (This work is licensed under CC BY 4.0. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).…”