Advances in Transcriptomic Studies and Ginsenoside Biosynthesis of American Ginseng

Codon Usage Study on Chloroplast Genome in Medicinal Plant <i>Panax Ginseng</i>

“…Panax ginseng is a commonly used medicinal plant in Traditional Chinese Medicine [1]. Meanwhile, modern pharmacology studies also reveal that the Panax ginseng has many good functions for human body [2,3], such as anticancer [4,5], obesity inhibited for mice and human [6,7] via regulating thermogenesis [8], antioxidant [9], radiation protection [10], anti-inflammatory [11,12], anti-chronic liver disease [13], antipigmentation and antiaging [14].…”

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“…Transcriptomics is the study of gene expression at the RNA level under specific physiological conditions and helps identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (Armstrong and Que, 2012;Hamilton and Buell, 2012;Ramaswami et al, 2013) and understand the molecular basis of phenotypic differences (Forrest and Carninci, 2009;Rodríguez-García et al, 2017). Transcriptomics has been used for gene mining, function prediction, and metabolic pathway analysis of various medicinal plants, including Panax ginseng (Hongzhe et al, 2015;Li et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2021), Panax quinquefolius (Wu et al, 2013;Zou et al, 2015), Scutellaria baicalensis (Cheng et al, 2018), Salvia miltiorrhiza (Gao et al, 2014), and Bupleurum chinense (Sui et al, 2011). Transcription factors initiate and regulate gene expression by recognizing and binding to cis-acting elements in the promoter region of genes.…”