Advances in understanding glycosyltransferases from a structural perspective

Gloster, T.M.

doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2014.08.012

Cited by 138 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…2A). As expected for a GT-B fold glycosyltransferase and observed in a structure of ligand-bound GtfA alone (25,34,35), UDP and GlcNAc reside in the cleft between the two R folds. Compared with the apo structure of GtfA, the R-fold II rotates toward R-fold I by ∼20°, thereby embracing the sugar and nucleotide and narrowing the cleft between the R folds (Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…GtfA contains the residues in the active site that are typical for GT-B fold glycosyltransferases, including E404 that is needed for catalysis and K333 and R328 that are involved in binding the phosphates of the UDP-GlcNAc substrate (25,34,35) (Fig. 2C).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…sugar precursor and polypeptide substrate (34,35). How a polypeptide is recognized in this case is unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanism of a cytosolic O -glycosyltransferase essential for the synthesis of a bacterial adhesion protein

Chen

Seepersaud

Bensing

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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O-glycosylation of Ser and Thr residues is an important process in all organisms, which is only poorly understood. Such modification is required for the export and function of adhesin proteins that mediate the attachment of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria to host cells. Here, we have analyzed the mechanism by which the cytosolic O-glycosyltransferase GtfA/B of Streptococcus gordonii modifies the Ser/Thr-rich repeats of adhesin. The enzyme is a tetramer containing two molecules each of GtfA and GtfB. The two subunits have the same fold, but only GtfA contains an active site, whereas GtfB provides the primary binding site for adhesin. During a first phase of glycosylation, the conformation of GtfB is restrained by GtfA to bind substrate with unmodified Ser/Thr residues. In a slow second phase, GtfB recognizes residues that are already modified with N-acetylglucosamine, likely by converting into a relaxed conformation in which one interface with GtfA is broken. These results explain how the glycosyltransferase modifies a progressively changing substrate molecule.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanism of a cytosolic O -glycosyltransferase essential for the synthesis of a bacterial adhesion protein

Chen

Seepersaud

Bensing

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are key enzymes for the biosynthesis of complex glycans and glycoconjugates in all domains of life [1]. In bacteria, GT activity is required for virulence and viability, and individual GTs are emerging as novel targets for antimicrobial and anti-virulence drug discovery [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covalent inhibitors of LgtC: A blueprint for the discovery of non-substrate-like inhibitors for bacterial glycosyltransferases

Smith

Vivoli

et al. 2017

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry

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. Covalent inhibitors of LgtC: a blueprint for the discovery of non-substrate-like inhibitors for bacterial glycosyltransferases. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 25(12), 3182-3194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.006Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.•Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research.•You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact librarypure@kcl.ac.uk providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.-1 - data reveals that non-catalytic cysteines are a common motif in the active site of many bacterial glycosyltransferases. Our results can therefore serve as a blueprint for the rational design of non-substrate-like, covalent inhibitors against a broad range of other bacterial glycosyltransferases.-3 -

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“…GT-C folds are found in integral membrane proteins involved in protein glycosylation. Two structures are now known, and each contains an N-terminal TM region and a C-terminal GT domain, which contains a DxD motif (Gloster, 2014). Utilizing a lipid-phosphate-linked sugar donor, the GT-C folds appear to require divalent cations for activity (Matsumoto et al, 2013;Lizak et al, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

Structural Studies of Biopolymer Membrane Transport

Morgan¹

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The selective transport of specific substrates across the membrane is an essential part of biology.Organisms have evolved a basic mechanism for the transport of ions and small molecule such as sugars across the membrane. This mechanism is termed 'alternating access' and involves the alternating exposure of a substrate-binding site to either side of the membrane. While the molecular details of 'alternating access' have been revealed for a number of different transporters, this scheme seems infeasible for the transport of long biopolymers such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides because 'alternating access' requires that the transporter forms a binding site that is large enough to bind the entire substrate. Here, I present novel data addressing the transport mechanism for two bacterial biopolymer transporter proteins: Bacterial Cellulose Synthase which synthesizes and secretes the polysaccharide, cellulose; and PrtD, an ABC transporter which is involved in the secretion of an extracellular protease.Cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose units that forms a major component of plant cell walls as well as many bacterial biofilms. In bacteria, the components required for cellulose biosynthesis are encoded in a single operon minimally made up of the genes bcsA, bcsB, bcsC, and bcsZ. BcsA is an integral inner-membrane (IM) glycosyltransferase enzyme that is responsible for coupling the synthesis of cellulose with its transport across the IM. BcsB is a periplasmic protein with Cterminal IM anchor, and BcsB forms a complex with BcsA (BcsA-B) that is sufficient for in vitro cellulose synthesis. BcsZ is a periplasmic cellulase enzyme, and BcsC is an outer-membrane β-barrel that presumably forms a pore for the cellulose polymer to cross the outer membrane.iii BcsA-B activity is stimulated by the bacterial signaling molecule, cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP), which is a key regulator of biofilm formation. I present crystal structures of the c-di-GMP-bound BcsA-B complex in the presence and absence of UDP, a competitive inhibitor and substrate mimic. The structures reveal that c-di-GMP releases an auto-inhibited state of the enzyme. A salt bridge stabilizes one of the signature c-di-GMP-binding Arg residues in a position to tether a conserved 'gating loop' in front of the active site. The binding of c-di-GMP releases the tether and allows substrate to access the active site. Additionally, the UDP-bound structure reveals an additional role for the 'gating loop' in coordinating substrate at the active site. Functional experiments confirm the structural interpretation by revealing that disruption of the auto-inhibitory salt bridge by mutagenesis generates a constitutively-active cellulose synthase. The mechanistic insights presented here represent the first examples of how c-di-GMP allosterically modulates enzymatic functions.To address the mechanism by which BcsA-B transports cellulose across the IM, I use in crystallo enzymology with the c-di-GMP-bound BcsA-B crystals. Because crystallized BcsA-B is catalytically a...

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Advances in understanding glycosyltransferases from a structural perspective

Cited by 138 publications

References 59 publications

Mechanism of a cytosolic O -glycosyltransferase essential for the synthesis of a bacterial adhesion protein

Mechanism of a cytosolic O -glycosyltransferase essential for the synthesis of a bacterial adhesion protein

Covalent inhibitors of LgtC: A blueprint for the discovery of non-substrate-like inhibitors for bacterial glycosyltransferases

Structural Studies of Biopolymer Membrane Transport

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