Advances in vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis

Rendi‐Wagner, Pamela

doi:10.1586/14760584.7.5.589

Cited by 31 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Additional modes of attenuation (for example, mutations in E, NS1 or NS5 genes) have been evaluated as flavivirus vaccine candidates in preclinical models 242,243 . Chemically-inactivated viruses of cell culture-derived viruses are currently used as vaccines for JEV 244 , TBEV 245 and KFDV 246 . While they are protective, they require frequent iterative boosting to maintain protective immunity.…”

Section: Flavivirus Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses

Pierson

Diamond²

2020

Nat Microbiol

724

627

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F laviviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses vectored principally by arthropods that cause severe illnesses in humans. The extensive global spread and epidemic transmission of flaviviruses during the last seven decades has been remarkable. The mosquito-borne dengue viruses (DENV) infect an estimated 400 million humans each year; more than a quarter of the world's population lives in areas where DENV is now endemic 1 . By comparison, only sporadic DENV epidemics were documented before the Second World War 2 . The introductions of West Nile (WNV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses into the Western Hemisphere was followed by rapid geographical spread, large numbers of human infections and considerable morbidity 3,4 . Ongoing yellow fever virus (YFV) transmission and its encroachment on urban environments, despite the existence of an effective vaccine, poses a serious public health challenge 5-7 . Other flaviviruses present ongoing health risks or are beginning to emerge in different parts of the world, including Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Usutu virus (USUV).The epidemic potential of flaviviruses reflects many factors related to the unique characteristics of their insect vectors, the consequences of poorly planned urbanization that creates ideal arthropod breeding habitats, the geographical expansion of vectors, changing environmental conditions and extensive global travel 8,9 . Beyond arthropods and humans, flaviviruses are also known to infect a wide array of animal species and can be important veterinary pathogens that threaten economically important domesticated animals 10-14 . These vertebrate animal hosts may constitute important stable reservoirs and contribute to defining conditions that support the introduction of new viral species and transmission among humans 15 . The continued threat of flavivirus emergence and re-emergence highlights a need for a detailed fundamental understanding of the biology of these viruses, the immune responses that can contain them and the possible countermeasures that can blunt their impact on public health should new outbreaks occur. Flavivirus structure and replicationFlaviviruses are small (~50 nm) spherical virus particles that incorporate a single genomic RNA of positive-sense polarity encoding three structural and seven non-structural proteins (Fig. 1a). Our knowledge of the biology of flaviviruses has advanced considerably with the availability of high-resolution structures of viral structural proteins and of virions at different stages of the replication cycle or in complex with antibodies or host factors 16 . Crystal structures of the enzymatic non-structural proteins also have been solved, accelerating advances in an understanding of virus replication and pathogenesis [17][18][19] and enabling structure-guided drug discovery, as reviewed elsewhere 20 .Virion structure and morphogenesis. Flaviviruses are assembled using three viral structural proteins (C, prM and E), a host lipid envelope and the viral genomic RNA. The structure of ...

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Section: Flavivirus Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses

Pierson

Diamond²

2020

Nat Microbiol

724

627

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“…Inactivated vaccines are available to prevent TBE in humans and many studies have demon-strated their safety and efficacy [37]. Consequently, the vaccine coverage has a major influence on disease occurrence.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe, 2007 to 2009

et al. 2011

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“…Pathogen vaccine and prophylactic drug research have so far produced little to protect individuals from many arthropod-borne diseases. Currently, vaccines are only available for the yellow fever virus [18], the Japanese encephalitis virus [19], the Rift valley fever virus [20] and the tick-borne encephalitis virus [21]. Protection against Plasmodium , the malaria parasites, still relies on the use of prophylactic drugs and is hampered by the escalation of drug-resistance [22].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implication of haematophagous arthropod salivary proteins in host-vector interactions

et al. 2011

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The saliva of haematophagous arthropods contains an array of anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules that contribute to the success of the blood meal. The saliva of haematophagous arthropods is also involved in the transmission and the establishment of pathogens in the host and in allergic responses. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological activity and immunogenic properties of the main salivary proteins characterised in various haematophagous arthropod species. The potential biological and epidemiological applications of these immunogenic salivary molecules will be discussed with an emphasis on their use as biomarkers of exposure to haematophagous arthropod bites or vaccine candidates that are liable to improve host protection against vector-borne diseases.

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Advances in vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis

Cited by 31 publications

References 43 publications

The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses

The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses

Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe, 2007 to 2009

Implication of haematophagous arthropod salivary proteins in host-vector interactions

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