Advances of exosomes in periodontitis treatment

Abstract

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease initiated by dysbiosis of the local microbial community. Periodontitis can result in destruction of tooth-supporting tissue; however, overactivation of the host immune response is the main reason for alveolar bone loss. Periodontal tissue cells, immune cells, and even further activated osteoclasts and neutrophils play pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory roles. Traditional therapies for periodontitis are effective in reducing the microbial quantities and improving the clinical symptoms of periodontitis. However, these methods are non-selective, and it is still challenging to achieve an ideal treatment effect in clinics using the currently available treatments and approaches. Exosomes have shown promising potential in various preclinical and clinical studies, including in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis. Exos can be secreted by almost all types of cells, containing specific substances of cells: RNA, free fatty acids, proteins, surface receptors and cytokines. Exos act as local and systemic intercellular communication medium, play significant roles in various biological functions, and regulate physiological and pathological processes in numerous diseases. Exos-based periodontitis diagnosis and treatment strategies have been reported to obtain the potential to overcome the drawbacks of traditional therapies. This review focuses on the accumulating evidence from the last 5 years, indicating the therapeutic potential of the Exos in preclinical and clinical studies of periodontitis. Recent advances on Exos-based periodontitis diagnosis and treatment strategies, existing challenges, and prospect are summarized as guidance to improve the effectiveness of Exos on periodontitis in clinics.

Enhanced Anti‐inflammatory Capacity of the Conditioned Medium Derived from Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Modified with an Iron‐Based Nanodrug

“…[ 24 ] There are more reports on the positive therapeutic effects of CM from preclinical studies. [ 25,26 ] The effects of MSC CM include improved angiogenesis, anti‐inflammation, immunomodulation, anti‐apoptosis activity, cellular growth support, chemoattraction, and regenerative capacity. [ 6 ] For the treatment of periodontitis and periodontal defects, the most important factors are anti‐inflammation and regenerative activity, of which anti‐inflammation is the prerequisite requirement for high‐quality healing.…”

Small Extracellular Vesicles Laden Oxygen-Releasing Thermosensitive Hydrogel for Enhanced Antibacterial Therapy against Anaerobe-Induced Periodontitis Alveolar Bone Defect

“…The isolation, identification, and preservation methods of sEVs were carried out as reported in the literature, which was shown in Figure A . , In brief, the third passage of well-grown BMMSCs was selected and inoculated into the 10-layer cell factory (Wuxi NEST Life Technology Co., ltd) at a cell number of 6–8 × 10 7 to collect sEVs. When the confluence reached 80%, the MSCs culture medium was removed and replaced with the 2000 mL serum-free medium after another continuous culture of 48 h. Subsequently, sEVs were collected from 6–8 × 10 8 BMMSCs, and the serum-free medium with cell viability above 95% was collected and filtered through a 0.22 μm filter (to remove debris and dead cells) and was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 30 min at 4 °C; the supernatant was collected.…”

What Has Immunology Brought to Periodontal Disease in Recent Years?

“…A recent review by Chinese authors concerns the use of exosomes. Those vesicles containing any possible particles or substances play the role of intercellular mediators, and may act as a specific and precise regulator of the level of inflammatory response (Lin et al 2022 ). Similar data are presented in the study of Kang et al ( 2022 ), who studied the effect of TNF-α on mesenchymal stem cells, in particular the composition of mRNA in exosomes.…”