Advances of Tumorigenesis, Diagnosis at Early Stage, and Cellular Immunotherapy in Gastrointestinal Malignancies

Abstract

Globally, in 2018, 4.8 million new patients have a diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, while 3.4 million people died of such disorders. GI malignancies are tightly relevant to 26% of the world-wide cancer incidence and occupies 35% of all cancer-associated deaths. In this article, we principally investigated molecular and cellular mechanisms of tumorigenesis in five major GI cancers occurring at esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, and colorectal region that illustrate high morbidity in Eastern and Western countries. Moreover, through this investigation, we not only emphasize importance of the tumor microenvironment in development and treatment of malignant tumors but also identify significance of M2PK, miRNAs, ctDNAs, circRNAs, and CTCs in early detection of GI cancers, as well as systematically evaluate contribution of personalized precision medicine including cellular immunotherapy, new antigen and vaccine therapy, and oncolytic virotherapy in treatment of GI cancers.

Colitis-associated carcinogenesis: crosstalk between tumors, immune cells and gut microbiota

“…Immunotherapy has become an effective approach for the treatment of various types of cancers [ 271 ]. A growing number of studies indicate that immune checkpoint therapy plays an important role in mediating the immune response mediated by antitumor T cells in the tumor microenvironment [ 272 ].…”

Exploring the landscape of drug resistance in gastrointestinal cancer immunotherapy: A review

“…[ 2 , 3 ] In recent times, immunotherapy has risen to the forefront of cancer treatments, offering hope for numerous cancer types, including GI cancers. [ 4 ] Immunotherapy harnesses the body immune system to detect and eliminate malignant cells. Its range of therapies includes immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cancer vaccines, and the innovative method of adoptive cell transfer (ACT).…”

The Importance of Evaluating Serum Levels of Tumor Markers M2-PK and Inhibin A in Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy

“…1 According to the condition of the disease and its history, early diagnosis, screening and prevention are essential and most colon cancers originate from benign polyps and turn into adenocarcinoma as the histology progresses step by step. 2 Colon cancer is the third leading cause of death in Iran, with a prevalence of eight in every 10,000 people. 3 High prevalence of the disease, it is necessary to use laboratory screening tests with high sensitivity and specificity to diagnose the condition in the early stages, and also consider the critical role of these tests in the early diagnosis of polyps before they become cancerous and the diagnosis in the early stages increases the response to treatment is related to the chances of survival and recovery of patients.…”

“… 1 According to the condition of the disease and its history, early diagnosis, screening and prevention are essential and most colon cancers originate from benign polyps and turn into adenocarcinoma as the histology progresses step by step. 2 …”