“…Some studies have reported a novel multiplex technique, namely optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. OCDMA employs CDMA techniques in optical fiber communication environments.…”