Advancing the boundaries of the covalent functionalization of graphene oxide

Exploring the Synergies of Single‐Molecule Fluorescence and 2D Materials Coupled by DNA

“…Graphene oxide [ 112,[116][117][118][119]121] • Same as for graphene • Silanization (Si-O-C bond is formed) and etherification to attach to -OH groups • Fischer esterification reaction or Williamson ether synthesis, where carbodiimides are used as a coupling agent to bind with -COOH groups • Nucleophilic ring-opening reaction to bind epoxide groups Hexagonal boron nitride [ 116,122] • Radical reactions (carbene and nitrene intermediate) Transition metal dichalcogenides (MoS 2 /WS 2 ) [ 116,123,124] • Ligand conjugation of functional group (from organic molecules) by linkage of i) chalcogen atoms ii) vacant sites of chalcogen atoms • Addition of molecules with thiol groups, favorably bond with sulfur vacancies of MoS 2 /WS 2 • Hydrothermal functionalization (carboxyl and thiol ligands) MXenes [ 110,116,125,126] • Amine-silane-functionalization for further coupling with -COOH terminated biomolecules • Glycine-mediated chemisorption via N-Ti bonds depend on the specific surface chemistry of the 2D material. For graphene, hydrophobic-driven interactions are the norm.…”

Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications

“…GO and RGO can be modified with 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, ,, diazonium radical additions, ,− carbene and nitrene additions, [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangements, alkylations, and halogenations, − among other chemical inclusions. ,, Additional covalent modifications can occur on the newly installed oxygen-containing groups. Utilizing the carboxylic acids, many groups have performed amide couplings with amines on small molecules, − biomolecules, polymers − and other compounds of interest. ,− This approach has also been used to help further solubilize and passivate through attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-amines ,, or poly- l -lysine. , In a similar manner, esters, ,− ethers, and silanes − have been attached as well.…”

“…679 These dopants, and boron, 832 can also be incorporated directly upon synthesis. 833 GO and RGO can be modified with 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, 779,834,835 diazonium radical additions, 776,836−840 carbene 841 and nitrene 842 additions, [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangements, 843 alkylations, 844 and halogenations, 845−852 among other chemical inclusions. 655,853,854 Additional covalent modifications can occur on the newly installed oxygencontaining groups.…”

Antibiotics Removal from Aqueous Environments: A Mini Review on Graphene Oxide-based Nanomaterials Application

“…The existence of oxygenous functional groups (OFGs) overcomes the graphene's imperfection, resulting in a highly hydrophilic GO with outstanding dispersion properties in most solutions [46]. Moreover, the OFGs can provide reactive sites for the chemical modification of GO, which can be exploited to invent GO-based materials [47], [48]. Although this functional group gives many advantages to GO in its application, there are inter-functional solid bonds between graphene sheets, leading to the formation of a chemically inactive surface, lessening surface area, and increased agglomeration and poor dispersion in some aqueous solutions [35], [41].…”