Adverse childhood experiences and the onset of chronic disease in young adulthood

Confirmatory factor analysis of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among a community-based sample of parents and adolescents

“…This would be an argument against using ACEs scores or counts and rather highlights the importance the specific adverse experiences. Consistent with past research, it is likely the case that an increasing number of ACEs will show a dose-response trend with a health outcome with more ACEs experienced corresponding to greater likelihood of poor outcomes [7,12,60]. However, very little information beyond this can be generated.…”

“…Since the 1998 ACEs Study publication, the literature on ACEs has grown substantially. What is currently known is that ACEs are common [1][2][3] and are associated with poor mental health conditions, [4][5][6] physical health conditions, [1,3,[7][8][9][10][11] and at-risk behaviours [12][13][14]. The original ACEs Study served as the foundation for growth of a large body of research furthering our understanding of the association between childhood adversity and health and behavioral outcomes.…”

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) among a Community-Based Sample of Parents and Adolescents

“…Consistent with past research, it is likely the case that an increasing number of ACEs will show a dose-response trend with a health outcome with more ACEs experienced corresponding to greater likelihood of poor outcomes. [7,12,56] However, very little information beyond this can be generated. Since the current data show that individual ACEs may have larger or smaller effect sizes depending on the outcome, placing a focus on individual ACEs or co-occurrence of specific ACEs should be encouraged more so than the number of ACEs.…”

“…[3] Since the 1998 ACE Study publication, the literature on ACEs has grown substantially. What is currently known is that ACEs are common [1][2][3] and are associated with poor mental health conditions, [4][5][6] physical health conditions, [1,3,[7][8][9][10][11] and at-risk behaviours. [12][13][14] The original ACEs Study served as the foundation for growth of a large body of research furthering our understanding of the association between childhood adversity and health and behavioral outcomes.…”

Adverse childhood experiences and chronic lung diseases in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The consequences of ACE are not limited to the mental health of the individual, as shown by Scott et al (2008) and Goodwin and Wamboldt (2012), but also affect physical health, appearing as risk factors for the onset of different medical conditions later in life (Afifi et al, 2016;McCrory, Dooley, Layte, & Kenny, 2015). This may happen because, as described by Sonu, Post, and Feinglass (2019), ACE trigger the experience of toxic stress, which in turn favours an increase in stress response that affects brain development, structure, and function and the physiology of other systems as the endocrine and immune systems. According to Clemens et al (2018), our knowledge about these mechanisms is still imprecise, but evidence has implicated different pathways that may act in isolation or in combined form, including HPA axis dysregulation and resulting cortisol increases, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and socioeconomic and individual aspects that may favour risky or dysfunctional behaviours including smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, sexual promiscuity, inadequate diets, and sedentary lifestyle (Anda et al, 2008;Felitti et al, 1998;Gilbert et al, 2014;Iniguez & Stankowski, 2016;Kamiya, Timonen, & Kenny, 2016;Scott et al, 2011).…”