Adverse effects of cannabis

Hall, Wayne; Solowij, Nadia

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)05021-1

Cited by 671 publications

(466 citation statements)

References 42 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

425

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…3a and b. One effect (intoxication) is expected and can be considered as desired and rewarding, while the second (confusion) is an unwanted side effect [42,43]. The sensations felt by the occasional smokers are plotted in the upper right side subfigure (a), while those experienced by the heavy users are displayed in the lower subfigure (b).…”

Section: μG/l)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of cannabinoid concentrations in oral fluid and whole blood between occasional and regular cannabis smokers prior to and after smoking a cannabis joint

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A cross-over controlled administration study of smoked cannabis was carried out on occasional and heavy smokers. The participants smoked a joint (11 % Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) or a matching placebo on two different occasions. Whole blood (WB) and oral fluid (OF) samples were collected before and up to 3.5 h after smoking the joints. Pharmacokinetic analyses were obtained from these data. Questionnaires assessing the subjective effects were administered to the subjects during each session before and after the smoking time period. THC, 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) were analyzed in the blood by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The determination of THC, THCCOOH, cannabinol (CBN), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THC-A) was carried out on OF only using LC-MS/MS. In line with the widely accepted assumption that cannabis smoking results in a strong contamination of the oral cavity, we found that THC, and also THC-A, shows a sharp, high concentration peak just after smoking, with a rapid decrease in these levels within 3 h. No obvious differences were found between both groups concerning THC median maximum concentrations measured either in blood or in OF; these levels were equal to 1,338 and 1,041 μg/L in OF and to 82 and 94 μg/L in WB for occasional and heavy smokers, respectively. The initial WB THCCOOH concentration was much higher in regular smokers than in occasional users. Compared with the occasional smokers, the sensation of confusion felt by the regular smokers was much less while the feeling of intoxication remained almost unchanged.

show abstract

Section: μG/l)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of cannabinoid concentrations in oral fluid and whole blood between occasional and regular cannabis smokers prior to and after smoking a cannabis joint

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Dependent, heavy (near daily), long-term cannabis users are at greatest risk of developing adverse health and psychological consequences (Hall & Solowij 1998) and adverse effects may not become readily apparent or problematic for the user for some time. A number of studies have confirmed (e.g.…”

Section: Prolonged Heavy Use Commencing At An Early Age Places Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are the adverse consequences of cannabis use age‐dependent?

Solowij¹,

Grenyer²

2002

Addiction

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Chronic use of cannabis has been shown to suppress motor activity, reduce body temperature and impair cognitive processes (Sarne & Keren, 2004). With regard to the last of these cannabis use has been shown to adversely affect the maintenance of attention, short term memory and executive functions (Hall & Solowij, 1998; Pope & YurgelunTodd, 1996;Pope et al 2001). Animal studies have revealed that chronic administration of the cannabinoid THC causes hippocampal damage and impairs maze learning in rats (Fehr et al, 1976;Lawston et al 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of concurrent cannabis use among ecstasy users: neuroprotective or neurotoxic?

Fisk

Montgomery

Wareing

et al. 2006

Human Psychopharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Edge Hill College of Higher EducationRunning head: concurrent cannabis use among ecstasy users. The research evidence regarding the potential effects of ecstasy suggests that it may be neurotoxic and that its use is associated with cognitive impairment. In recent years evidence has emerged suggesting that cannabinoids, the active ingredients in cannabis, can be neuroprotective under certain conditions. Given that many ecstasy users also consume cannabis at the same time, the possibility emerges that these individuals might be less susceptible to ecstasy-related impairment. The present paper reanalyses the data from a number of previous studies, contrasting the performance of those individuals who generally consume cannabis and ecstasy at the same time with those who generally consume ecstasy on its own. The two ecstasy-using groups are compared with non-ecstasy users on a range of measures including processing speed, random letter generation, verbal and visuo-spatial working memory span, reasoning and associative learning. The two ecstasy user groups did not differ significantly from each other on any of the measures. Both user groups were significantly worse than non-ecstasy users on measures of associative learning, verbal and visuo-spatial working memory, and reasoning. The results suggest that consuming cannabis at the same time as ecstasy does not reduce the likelihood of cognitive impairment.There is abundant evidence that ecstasy (MDMA) is neurotoxic, disrupting serotonergic systems in diverse brain regions. There is also a considerable body of evidence that cannabis can have neuroprotective as well as neurotoxic properties.Given that most ecstasy users are also cannabis users (Morgan, 2000) the question arises as to whether concurrent use of cannabis by ecstasy users might make them less susceptible to MDMA related neurotoxicity. The present paper is intended to investigate this issue.Although there is abundant evidence that MDMA is neurotoxic in a range of animal species, evidence of neurotoxicity in humans is less extensive and sometimes controversial (Curran, 2000). A review of the neuroimaging evidence can be found in Reneman et al (2006). A number of studies have found evidence of neurotoxicity among ecstasy users. For example, using PET neuroimaging, McCann, et al (1998), investigated 5-HT neural damage in the brains of ecstasy users. Regions of interest included the frontal cortex, pariental cortex, temporal cortex, occipital cortex and cingulate cortex, as well as the caudate, putamen, thalamus, mid-brain, pons, hypothalamus and cerebellum. The results showed that, compared to a control group, ecstasy users had significantly lower densities of 5HT transporter sites in all brain regions. Further, the reductions observed were correlated with the extent of ecstasy use. Reneman, et al (2002a) also assessed neural injury in ecstasy users using single-voxel (1H) MR spectroscopy imagining. N-Acetylasportate (NAA)/Creatine (CR), NAA Choline (CHO), and Myoinositol (MI) CR ratios in ecstasy users were meas...

show abstract

Adverse effects of cannabis

Cited by 671 publications

References 42 publications

Comparison of cannabinoid concentrations in oral fluid and whole blood between occasional and regular cannabis smokers prior to and after smoking a cannabis joint

Comparison of cannabinoid concentrations in oral fluid and whole blood between occasional and regular cannabis smokers prior to and after smoking a cannabis joint

Are the adverse consequences of cannabis use age‐dependent?

The effects of concurrent cannabis use among ecstasy users: neuroprotective or neurotoxic?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About