Adverse effects of khat: a review

Cox, Glenice; Rampes, Hagen

doi:10.1192/apt.9.6.456

Cited by 259 publications

(318 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…There are several names for the plant, depending on its origin: chat, qat, qaad, jaad, miraa, mairungi, cat and Catha. 11,12 It is mainly grown in Ethiopia, Kenya, Yemen, Somalia, Sudan, South Africa and Madagascar. In most of the Western literature, it is referred to as Khat.…”

Section: Background and Significance Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Khat abuse and associated factors among undergraduate students of Jimma University, Ethiopia

Wazema

Madhavi

2015

Int J Res Med Sci

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INTRODUCTIONKhat use occurs in all segments of all societies, which results in decreased work and school performance, and absenteeism.1 Presently, the worldwide consumption of khat can be estimated at some 5-10 million people per day, though it is nearly completely limited to East Africa and south western Arabia.2 Khat use is prevalent in three countries of the Region, namely Djibouti, Somalia and Yemen. It is variously estimated that in these countries, about 60 % -80 % of the adults consume Khat on a daily basis. Its use is rising in reputation, with extensive social and economic effects such as shifting of crop patterns in favor of Khat growth.3 From a total of Khat chewers who lives in three towns in south-western Uganda, The secondary school and the college student's account 9.2 % ABSTRACT Background: Khat is one of the shrub plants with an amphetamine-like stimulant effect. Khat use occurs in all segments of all societies, which results in decreased work and school performance, and absenteeism. This study therefore is aimed to determine the prevalence of Khat abuse and identifying their associated factors among Jimma University. Method: Sample size is 620 students. The study was done by using a multistage sampling technique. Results: Out of 620 students, 150 (24.2 %) males and 15 (2.4 %) females were ever chewer. Of which 129 (20.8 %) males and 13 (2.1) of females had chewed in the last 12month. From the total of 142 students who chewed in the last 12 month, low risk chewer and dependent were 24 (3.9 %) and 7 (1.1 %) respectively. Out of 111 Khat abusers 21(50 %), 25 (59.5 %), 7 (16.7 %) and 2 (4.8 %) of them had used cigarette, Alcohol, Shisha and Hashish respectively. Among Khat abusers, 51 (45.9 %) were chewing on daily base, 40 (36.1 %) weekly, 10 (9 %) monthly, 7 (6.3 %) occasionally and 3 (2.7 %) others. The amount of Khat chewed at a time was estimated per cost in birr, and 87 (78.4 %) of the abusers chewed Khat that costs more than 20 birr per ceremony. Different reasons for chewing Khat were mentioned by Khat abusers. The major reason mentioned was to get concentration 50 (50.5 %) followed by relaxation 32 (29.9%). Discussion: Khat abuse is prevalent among undergraduate students of Jimma University. Khat abuse is significantly associated with male gender, pocket money, faculty Khat use habit among family members. Most students use Khat to get concentration.

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Section: Background and Significance Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Khat abuse and associated factors among undergraduate students of Jimma University, Ethiopia

Wazema

Madhavi

2015

Int J Res Med Sci

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“…Les feuilles contiennent, outre des minéraux, des alcaloïdes [11], des terpènes, des flavonoïdes, des glycosides, des stérols, des tannins (jusqu'à 10 % en matière sèche), des acides aminés, des vitamines [12] et une soixantaine de cathédu-lines [10]. Les principaux alcaloïdes ayant une activité psychotrope significative identifiée sont des phényléthylamines structurellement reliées à l'amphétamine et comprenant la cathinone, la cathine [13] et la noréphédrine [14,15].…”

Section: Compositionunclassified

“…On décrit une augmentation de la pression artérielle, une tachycardie, une insomnie, une anorexie, une constipation, une irritabilité, des migraines, une altération des performances sexuelles chez l'homme [12,15]. Le khat affecte le système nerveux central [12] ; ses effets sont proches de ceux de l'amphétamine quoique l'intensité des manifestations soit moindre (2 à 10 fois moins actif) [8,12,14,30].…”

Section: Principaux Effets Cliniquesunclassified

“…Sont particulièrement discutés des épisodes psychotiques, accès maniaques, troubles schizophréniques et paranoïaques [12,37].…”

Section: Effets Sur Le Système Nerveux Centralunclassified

“…En dépit de croyances traditionnelles, les données associant l'usage régulier de khat en tant que plante aux propriétés psychostimulantes et comportements violents sont peu nombreuses [12,28]. Dans une étude réalisée en Somalie [42], il a été mis en évidence des comportements perturbateurs et violents chez les usagers chroniques de khat.…”

Section: Effets Sur Le Système Nerveux Centralunclassified

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La toxicité du khat impose-t-elle une modification de la réglementation de son usage en Europe?

et al. 2012

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Résumé -Objectif : La consommation de khat (Catha edulis Forsk) est une pratique largement répandue dans les populations de l'est de l'Afrique. En Europe, elle concerne les migrants de première génération et leurs descendants. Le khat ne fait pas l'objet de contrôle au titre des conventions de l'ONU, lesquelles s'appuient sur une recommandation de l'OMS. Cependant, les États demeurent libres de réglementer le khat dans le cadre de leur législation nationale ; c'est le cas de la France et de certains pays européens. Cette discordance entre les réglementations interroge sur la dangerosité réelle ou supposée de cette plante. Méthodes : Nous avons utilisé le moteur de recherche bibliographique PubMed pour identifier les publications pertinentes relatives à sa toxicité. Résultats : L'usage chronique de khat est associé à des altérations de la régulation de la pression artérielle, et à une augmentation du risque d'infarctus du myocarde. Comme le cannabis, le khat peut être impliqué dans la survenue de troubles psychotiques. Le risque addictif n'est pas exclu. Chez l'animal, plusieurs études suggèrent que l'usage de khat favorise l'agressivité. Le caractère cancérogène n'est pas établi même si la génotoxicité est suspectée in vivo. Conclusion : Le risque de complications cardio-vasculaires et psychiatriques de l'usage régulier de khat, son caractère potentiellement cancérogène et la parenté chimique de la cathinone avec l'amphétamine sont autant d'arguments pour justifier l'inscription du khat sur la liste des stupéfiants réglementés. Mots clés : Khat, stupéfiant, réglementationAbstract -Objectives: Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) consumption is a widespread practice in populations of Eastern Africa. In Europe, it concerns the first-generation migrants and their descendants. Khat is not subject to control under UN conventions, which are based on a WHO recommendation. However, states remain free to regulate khat within the framework of their national legislation, such as in France and some European countries. This discordance among regulations questions the real or supposed dangerousness of this plant. Methods: We used the search engine of the bibliographic database PubMed, in order to identify the relevant publications on khat's toxicity. Results: Chronic use of khat is associated with deteriorations in the regulation of blood pressure, and an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Like cannabis, khat can be involved in the onset of psychotic disorders. The risk of addiction is not excluded. In animals, several studies suggest that khat use encourages aggressiveness. The carcinogenic nature has not been established, although genotoxicity is suspected in vivo. Conclusions: The risk of cardiovascular and psychiatric complications due to frequent use of khat, its potentially carcinogenic nature, and the chemical relationship of cathinone with amphetamine justify the inscription of khat in the list of controlled narcotics.

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Political Ecology of a Drug Crop

Gezon¹

2016

A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health

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Adverse effects of khat: a review

Cited by 259 publications

References 20 publications

Prevalence of Khat abuse and associated factors among undergraduate students of Jimma University, Ethiopia

Prevalence of Khat abuse and associated factors among undergraduate students of Jimma University, Ethiopia

La toxicité du khat impose-t-elle une modification de la réglementation de son usage en Europe?

Political Ecology of a Drug Crop

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