Adverse effects of subchronic exposure to cooking oil fumes on the gonads and the GPR30-mediated signaling pathway in female rats

Abstract

Background Cooking oil fumes (COFs) are composed of particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, aldehydes, and ketones, and are currently a global health concern. Some agents in COFs are mutagenic and carcinogenic. However, only a few reports have addressed the hazardous effects of COF exposure on the female reproductive system. In this study, we explored the effects of subchronic exposure to COFs on female gonads in vivo and the possible involvement of the G-protein-coupled receptor 30 signaling pathway. Methods COFs were generated by heating commercially available canola oil in an iron pot. Adult female Wistar rats at 2 months of age were exposed to COFs at 32 mg/m 3 for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 h/day for 56 days. The estrous cycle in rats was studied twice at 7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m. on the 43rd treatment day until the current estrous cycle was complete. The rat body weight was measured before the experiment and at day 56 post-exposure. At the end of the experiment, rat blood was collected for gonadal hormone assay, and ovaries were collected for histology and mRNA isolation. The mRNA levels of GPR30, EGFR, STAT3, and ERK were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Results At a concentration of 32.21 ± 5.11 mg/m3, COF exposure extended the estrous cycle in rats, and ovary coefficient decreased. COFs showed various effects on the sex hormone levels and follicles, depending on its exposure level. Exposure to COFs led to the changes in mRNA levels of the G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Conclusion This study indicated that cooking oil fume exposure disrupted the estrous cycle, sex hormone patterns, and follicle development in female rats in a dose-dependent manner. These adverse effects of cooking oil fumes on female reproductive health were correlated with the G-protein-coupled receptor 30-mediated signaling pathway.

In vitro and in vivo low-dose exposure of simulated cooking oil fumes to assess adverse biological effects

“…A previous investigation exhibited that COFs exposure to female rats can affect follicular structure through follicular cell damage and apoptosis in ovaries, while no pathological abnormality was observed in the control rat 42 . The exposed rats for 30 and 60 days to cotton oil fumes showed a significant increase in the lung and liver malondialdehyde levels which accompanied with a significant decrease in glutathione content.…”

Low-dose biological adverse effects assessment in vitro and in vivo to heterocyclic aromatic amines and aldehydes from cooking oil fumes

“…A previous investigation exhibited that COFs exposure to female rats can affect follicular structure through follicular cell damage and apoptosis in ovaries, while no pathological abnormality was observed in the control rat 41 . The exposed rats for 30 and 60 days to cotton oil fumes showed a signi cant increase in the lung and liver malondialdehyde levels which accompanied with a signi cant decrease in glutathione content.…”

The Content and Emission form of Volatile Organic Compounds from Cooking Oils: A Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6]. Long-term exposure to cooking emissions was linked to kidney damage [7], diseases of female reproductive organs [8,9], decreased lung functions [10,11], and also lung cancer among non-smoker women [12][13][14], according to epidemiological research. VOCs from cooking oils may be released as gases or particles [15,16], which can have a variety of health effects on different regions of the body [17].…”