2013
DOI: 10.1155/2013/347520
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Adverse Event Burden, Resource Use, and Costs Associated with Immunosuppressant Medications for the Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract: This paper assessed the burden of adverse events (AEs) associated with azathioprine (AZA), cyclophosphamide (CYC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), methotrexate (MTX), and cyclosporine (CsA) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Thirty-eight publications were included. Incidence of AEs ranged from 42.8% to 97.3%. Common AEs included infections (2.4–77%), gastrointestinal AEs (3.2–66.7%), and amenorrhea and/or ovarian complications (0–71%). More hematological cytopenias were associated with AZA (14 e… Show more

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Cited by 30 publications
(20 citation statements)
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References 60 publications
(246 reference statements)
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“…IL‐6 has been proposed to play a major a role in the development of SLE and especially in patients with lupus nephritis, IL‐6 levels were found to be increased . We have shown in a previous study that mice with loss of epidermal JunB mice develop a SLE phenotype linked to increased epidermal IL‐6 secretion .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 77%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…IL‐6 has been proposed to play a major a role in the development of SLE and especially in patients with lupus nephritis, IL‐6 levels were found to be increased . We have shown in a previous study that mice with loss of epidermal JunB mice develop a SLE phenotype linked to increased epidermal IL‐6 secretion .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 77%
“…Untreated or insufficiently treated SLE might result in severe complications or death of patients. Today's state‐of‐the art therapy such as livelong immunosuppression, antimalarials or belimumab might not prevent organ damage, and it is associated with problematic side effects . Therefore, a strong need for novel disease‐specific therapies of SLE exists.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Immunosuppressive therapies as cyclophosphamide, glucocorticoids, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and biologicals have improved the disease outcome in the last decades. However, it remains difficult to achieve complete remission with these treatment strategies, and side effects of this medication are common [26,27]. As it is known that an early diagnosis and a contemporary treatment of the disease leads to an improved outcome of SLE patients, biomarkers that enable an early detection of SLE and LN in particular are of great clinical interest.…”
Section: Lupus Nephritis (Ln)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects a number of organ systems (1) and causes a marked impairment in quality of life (QoL) (2,3). Active disease (4,5) and medication toxicities contribute to the accrual of long-term organ damage (6)(7)(8). Corticosteroids and immunosuppressant drugs have demonstrated clinical benefits (9); however, concerns remain about the safety of their long-term use (6)(7)(8).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%