Adverse Health Consequences of Performance-Enhancing Drugs: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement

Pope, Harrison G.; Wood, Ruth I.; Rogol, Alan D.; Nyberg, Fred; Bowers, Larry D.; Bhasin, Shalender

doi:10.1210/er.2013-1058

Cited by 520 publications

(590 citation statements)

References 362 publications

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“…This misuse of AS is associated with a range of acute and chronic adverse consequences (Pope et al, 2014b) that range greatly from cosmetic (e.g. acne) to critical (e.g.…”

Section: Anabolic Steroidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review investigating the behaviour change strategies in interventions to prevent misuse of anabolic steroids

et al. 2017

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A systematic review investigating the behaviour change strategies in interventions to prevent misuse of anabolic steroids.http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/7477/ Article LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain.The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. Astract:This review aimed to examine strategies applied in interventions to prevent image and performance enhancing drug use in the context of intervention effectiveness. Comprehensive searches identified 14 interventions that met review inclusion criteria. Interventions were predominantly educational and delivered within school sport settings, but targeted a wide range of mediating factors. Identification of effective components was limited across studies by brief or imprecise descriptions of intervention content, lack of behavioural outcome measures and short-term follow up times; however studies with components in addition to information provision may be more promising. Interventions are required outside of sport settings to reflect the transition of this form of substance use to the general population. 2 Introduction Anabolic steroidsAnabolic steroids (AS) are the most prominent of a range of substances used to modify appearance and performance known as image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs).Globally the lifetime prevalence of AS has been estimated at 3.3%, with higher prevalence amongst males (6.4%) (Sagoe et al., 2014b), and it is suggested that nearly one third of AS users will develop a form of dependence (Pope et al., 2014a). Although AS can be used without adverse consequences, such as when used therapeutically, risk of harm increases with the far greater doses observed when AS are used outside of clinical settings (Harmer, 2010).Additionally, the quality of illicitly produced AS cannot be controlled and those using them frequently do so as part of complex IPED regimens. This misuse of AS is associated with a range of acute and chronic adverse consequences (Pope et al., 2014b) that range greatly from cosmetic (e.g. acne) to critical (e.g. cardiovascular disease, liver function) with evidence of potential psychological harms (e.g. increased aggression, mania) (ACMD, 2010b). Harms appear to increase with long-term use, which may be characterised by polypharmacy, long or continuous cycles of use, body image disturbance and obsession with training and diet (Kanayama et al., 2009).The majority of th...

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“…This misuse of AS is associated with a range of acute and chronic adverse consequences (Pope et al, 2014b) that range greatly from cosmetic (e.g. acne) to critical (e.g.…”

Section: Anabolic Steroidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review investigating the behaviour change strategies in interventions to prevent misuse of anabolic steroids

et al. 2017

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“…We understand that the doping control in Olympic sports is an effort for the game's fairness. However, there are other threats that should also be discussed as the lack of prevention programs and ideal coverage of doping control in non-Olympic sports 28 . On the other hand, Kayser and Smith 29 suggest that anti-doping is a problem that may lead the general population to a behavior of underground doping, encouraging hazardous practice as needle sharing for intramuscular injection of those substances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping Survey in the Youth School Games in Brazil

Silva

Neto

Figueiredo³

et al. 2017

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Introduction: Doping control is an important means for preventing the use of illegal substances and methods in sports. Objective: This study investigated the self-reported use of illegal substances among young Brazilian students in the Youth School Games, the main sporting event among school-aged athletes in Brazil with almost 2 million students during all the phases. Methods: Cross-sectional study with athletes of the Youth School Games 2006 aged 14-17 years. The subjects were randomly selected and completed an anonymous questionnaire about substances use. Chi-square test was used for comparison of proportions between different variables on self-reported use of substances. Univariate and multivariate analyzes and logistic regression were performed. Results: Among the 402 athletes (aged 14-17) who volunteered to participate, the results showed high prevalence of alcohol (35.8%), nutritional supplements (39.1%), and tobacco (5.4%). Regarding illegal drugs and doping, 1.7% reported the use of stimulants, 2.2% illicit drugs, 0.5% anabolic steroids, and 1.7% hormones and other similar substances. Moreover, a different use of stimulants was found (especially Judo and Table tennis), medications (especially Judo and Chess) and dietary supplements (especially Swimming and Judo, with over 50% reported use). Conclusion: The present study suggests that the use of substances among young athletes is similar to the results found among adult Olympic athletes as per International Olympic Committee and World Anti-Doping Agency, especially regarding the use of dietary supplements, anabolic steroids, and stimulants according to data collected by other studies. We consider that the findings of the present work indicate the need for specific efforts to monitor, prevent, and control use of substances among school athletes in big events and competitions, such as this research on doping in the Youth School Games.

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“…For adverse effects on other organ systems, the reader is referred to previous reviews (e.g. (15,16,17,18,19)). For the sake of manageability, testosterone and AASs (including designer steroids) are collectively referred to as AASs, although both chemical structure and biological profiles of individual AASs differ.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Medical consequences of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids: effects on reproductive functions

Nieschlag

Vorona

2015

European Journal of Endocrinology

194

115

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Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are appearance and performance-enhancing drugs (APEDs) used in competitive athletics, in recreational sports, and by body-builders. The global lifetime prevalence of AASs abuse is 6.4% for males and 1.6% for women. Many AASs, often obtained from the internet and dubious sources, have not undergone proper testing and are consumed at extremely high doses and in irrational combinations, also along with other drugs. Controlled clinical trials investigating undesired side effects are lacking because ethical restrictions prevent exposing volunteers to potentially toxic regimens, obscuring a causal relationship between AASs abuse and possible sequelae. Because of the negative feedback in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, in men AASs cause reversible suppression of spermatogenesis, testicular atrophy, infertility, and erectile dysfunction (anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism). Should spermatogenesis not recover after AASs abuse, a pre-existing fertility disorder may have resurfaced. AASs frequently cause gynecomastia and acne. In women, AASs may disrupt ovarian function. Chronic strenuous physical activity leads to menstrual irregularities and, in severe cases, to the female athlete triad (low energy intake, menstrual disorders and low bone mass), making it difficult to disentangle the effects of sports and AASs. Acne, hirsutism and (irreversible) deepening of the voice are further consequences of AASs misuse. There is no evidence that AASs cause breast carcinoma. Detecting AASs misuse through the control network of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) not only aims to guarantee fair conditions for athletes, but also to protect them from medical sequelae of AASs abuse.

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Adverse Health Consequences of Performance-Enhancing Drugs: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement

Cited by 520 publications

References 362 publications

A systematic review investigating the behaviour change strategies in interventions to prevent misuse of anabolic steroids

A systematic review investigating the behaviour change strategies in interventions to prevent misuse of anabolic steroids

Doping Survey in the Youth School Games in Brazil

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Medical consequences of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids: effects on reproductive functions

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