Adverse pregnancy outcomes and long-term morbidity after early fetal hypokinesia in maternal smoking pregnancies

Abstract

Fetal hypokinesia in early pregnancy related with maternal smoking was found to correlate with poor perinatal outcome, subsequent morbidity, and developmental impairments in 10-year-old children born to mothers smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day.

Breech presentation at term and associated obstetric risks factors—a nationwide population based cohort study

“…Fetal growth restriction is a known cause for adverse fetal outcome [28,29]. Fetal growth restriction is also associated with reduced fetal movements [18,29,30], which is a known obstetric risk factor for adverse fetal outcome [31][32][33]. Reduced fetal movement might be one reason why the fetus is not turning into vertex position.…”

Twenty-Three-Year Long-Term Health Outcome After the War in Vukovar

“…Until November 15, 1991, more than 1,700 wounded persons (soldiers and civilians) were operated on in the hospital premises, which included three operating rooms, intensive care unit and delivery room with patients being accommodated in all rooms, a kitchen and a laundry room 1,2 . Pregnant women mostly spent their pregnancy in shelters in minimal hygienic and nutrition conditions, constantly surrounded by war activities outside the shelters, in a hostile environment and exposed to constant war stress lasting for several months 1,3,4 . In the first research of this kind, results of the 23-year long-term outcome in children born in war conditions are presented.…”

Self‐reported maternal smoking during pregnancy by source in Utah, 2003–2007

“…Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a known risk factor for many adverse pregnancy outcomes that includes preterm birth, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction (Walsh,1994; Pollack et al,2000; Aagaard–Tillery et al,2008; Grazuleviciene et al,2009; Mehaffey et al,2010), impairment of brain development (Habek and Kovačević,2011), placental abruption (Ananth and Cnattingius,2007), infant mortality (Kleinman et al,1988; Johansson et al,2009), and birth defects (Shaw et al,1996; Honein et al,2001; Wyszynski and Wu,2002; Dickinson et al,2008; Feldkamp et al,2008; Hackshaw et al,2011). In epidemiologic studies, two methods are commonly used to determine whether maternal cigarette smoking prior to and during pregnancy increases the risk of these adverse pregnancy outcomes: maternal self‐report (Fink and Lash,2003; Newburn et al,2003; Röske et al,2008; Shaw et al,2010; DeRoo et al,2011) or biologic measurement of nicotine metabolites (Schwartz–Bickenbach et al,1987; Eskenazi and Trupin,1995; Tappin et al,1997; Jacqz–Aigrain et al,2002; Gray et al,2010).…”