Adverse Reaction to Marihuana

Keeler, Martin H.

doi:10.1176/ajp.124.5.674

Cited by 66 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…On the other hand there are reports of apprehension (1), more frequently described as anxiety (2,11,12,14,15,27,32,44), reaching a degree of panic (11,25,38) even in experienced users (31). In fact some observers consider anxiety so common that they regard it as a necessary part of the intoxication syndrome (12,14), and depression has also been reported (15,17,27).…”

Section: Acute Psychological Effeetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to this severe psychological withdrawal, symptoms are described including anxiety, restlessness, irritability, depression, self-mutilation, suicide fantasy and suicide attempts (10,15,32), aggressive outbursts and psychotic episodes (18). It has been noted that regular cannabis users resent deprivation (20,39) and are intent on returning to its use (13,25), despite unpleasant reactions. It has been pointed out that while some may be able to use cannabis products purely for the purposes of pleasure, other individuals show the major characteristic of psychological dependence in that they are unable to feel well or to function adequately without regular use of the drug (13,14,32,43).…”

Section: Chronic Physical Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the more significant alterations, attention has been drawn to fluctuations in behaviour and mood (10), tendencies to irritability and violent outbursts (18,35), general inadequacy (30,35), reduced work capacity (35,43), tendencies to disrupt family life (4,10,30) and the adoption of an amotivational (31) or apathetic way of life (10,25).…”

Section: Chronic Psychological Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of cannabis as an intoxicant is overwhelmingly found in males (8,10,12,15,25,30,39). Basic personalities have been described as inadequate (6,30), insecure (44) and emotionally immature (6,44), with tendencies to passivity (44) and feelings of inferiority (15).…”

Section: Personality Characteristics Of Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward a Medical Understanding of Marihuana

Schwarz

1969

Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal

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This paper is based on a review of the English language medical literature over the past 35 years on Indian Hemp, with direct reference being made to the more significant articles published during that time. The paucity of direct experimental observation is noted and the difficulties in experimental studies are highlighted by descriptions of the wide variations in the potency of Indian Hemp derivatives. Specific references are provided for the wide range of observations made in relation to acute and chronic physical and psychological effects, personal characteristics of the users and possible factors in causation. It is concluded that marihuana is a poorly defined intoxicant which varies in potency, deteriorates with time and whose chemical composition is largely unknown at present. There are wide variations in human response and the state of intoxication itself carries with it varying degrees of unpleasant physical and psychological experiences. The association between hashish and, to a lesser extent, marihuana and short-term and long-term complications is discussed in relation to complex variables, of which the drug is but one factor.

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Section: Acute Psychological Effeetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chronic Physical Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chronic Psychological Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Personality Characteristics Of Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Toward a Medical Understanding of Marihuana

Schwarz

1969

Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal

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“…The most frequently reported adverse reactions to cannabis in North America are the following psychological disturbances: [7,8,9,12]. a) panic reactions with fears of impending death or of losing control of the mind; b) paranoid states with ideas of reference and fears of being betrayed by friends or of being arrested; c) severe depersonalization and / or derealization experiences with con sequent panic; d) psychotoxic reactions with impaired sensorium, mild deliria and hallucinatory activity; e) severely depressive mood states with acute feelings of alienation, futility and occasional suicidal urges.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%