Aerenchyma (Gas-space) Formation in Adventitious Roots of Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>L.) is not Controlled by Ethylene or Small Partial Pressures of Oxygen

Jackson, Michael B.; Fenning, T. M.; Jenkins, W. Timothy

doi:10.1093/jxb/36.10.1566

Cited by 100 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Furthermore, studies on root aerenchyma formation in rice have also shown enhanced formation of aerenchyma, when O 2 deficiency was imposed in hydroponics (Colmer et al 1998;Colmer 2003a). Ethylene signalling had previously been implicated in enhanced aerenchyma formation in rice (Jackson et al 1985a) however, further studies cleared that aerenchyma formation in adventitious roots is not controlled by ethylene or hypoxia (Jackson et al 1985b).…”

Section: Soil Waterlogging and Aerenchyma Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysigenous aerenchyma formation involves non-apoptotic programmed cell death in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots

Joshi

Kumar

2011

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

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In waterlogged soil, deficiency of oxygen triggers development of aerenchyma in roots which facilitates gas diffusion between roots and the aerial environment. However, in contrast to other monocots, roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) constitutively form aerenchyma even in aerobic conditions. The formation of cortical aerenchyma in roots is thought to occur by either lysigeny or schizogeny. Schizogenous aerenchyma is developed without cortical cell death. However, lysigenous gas-spaces are formed as a consequence of senescence of specific cells in primary cortex followed by their death due to autolysis. In the last stage of aerenchyma formation, a 'spoked wheel' arrangement is observed in the cortical region of root. Ultrastructural studies show that cell death is constitutive and no characteristic cell structural differentiation takes place in the dying cells with respect to surrounding cells. Cell collapse initiation occurs in the center of the cortical tissues which are characterized by shorter with radically enlarged diameter. Then, cell death proceeds by acidification of cytoplasm followed by rupturing of plasma membrane, loss of cellular contents and cell wall degradation, while cells nuclei remain intact. Dying cells releases a signal through symplast which initiates cell death in neighboring cells. During early stages, middle lamella-degenerating enzymes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum which are transported through dictyosome and discharged through plasmalemma beneath the cell wall. In rice several features of root aerenchyma formation are analogous to a gene regulated developmental process called programmed cell death (PCD), for instance, specific cortical cell death, obligate production of aerenchyma under environmental stresses and early changes in nuclear structure which includes clumping of chromatin, fragmentation, disruption of nuclear membrane and apparent engulfment by the vacuole. These processes are followed by crenulation of plasma membrane, formation of electron-lucent regions in the cytoplasm, tonoplast disintegration, organellar swelling and disruption, loss of cytoplasmic contents, and collapse of cell. Many processes in lysing cells are structural features of apoptosis, but certain characteristics of apoptosis i.e., pycnosis of the nucleus, plasma membrane blebbing, and apoptotic bodies formation are still lacking and thus classified as non-apoptotic PCD. This review article, describes most recent observations alike to PCD involved in aerenchyma formation and their systematic distributions in rice roots.

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Section: Soil Waterlogging and Aerenchyma Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysigenous aerenchyma formation involves non-apoptotic programmed cell death in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots

Joshi

Kumar

2011

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

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“…In contrast, lysigenous aerenchyma can develop in both mature and in newly-developing roots (although older wheat roots were not capable to form aerenchyma (Thomson et al, 1990)), and its presence often depends on environmental stimuli. Many crop species, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum -Huang et al, 1994;Boru et al, 2003;Malik et al 2003), barley (Hordeum vulgare -Bryant, 1934;Garthwaite et al, 2003), maize (McPherson, 1939;Drew et al, 1979;Konings and Verschuren, 1980), sunflower (Kawase, 1979), and rice (Jackson et al, 1985b), form lysigenous aerenchyma. This is probably the reason why so little research has been done on the regulation of schizogenous aerenchyma formation (Jackson and Armstrong, 1999), whereas the inducible signal-transduction pathway of lysigenous aerenchyma has gained far more attention, particularly by using maize root aerenchyma as a model.…”

Section: Schizogenous Versus Lysigenous Aerenchymamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is as yet unclear how the onset of programmed cell death is initiated in these examples of constitutive aerenchyma, as until now only two studies dealt with this question, and their conclusions are contradictory. Jackson et al (1985b) used inhibitors of ethylene in two cultivars of rice, of which one formed partly constitutive and partly inducible aerenchyma, whereas the other only developed constitutive aerenchyma. In the latter cultivar aerenchyma formation was not affected by ethylene inhibition, which led the authors to conclude that ethylene does not play a role in constitutive aerenchyma development.…”

Section: Constitutive Versus Inducible Aerenchymamentioning

confidence: 99%

Acclimation to soil flooding — sensing and signal-transduction

Visser

Voesenek

2005

Plant Ecophysiology

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Flooding results in major changes in the soil environment. The slow diffusion rate of gases in water limits the oxygen supply, which affects aerobic root respiration as well as many (bio)geochemical processes in the soil. Plants from habitats subject to flooding have developed several ways to acclimate to these growth-inhibiting conditions, ranging from pathways that enable anaerobic metabolism to specific morphological and anatomical structures that prevent oxygen shortage. In order to acclimate in a timely manner, it is crucial that a flooding event is accurately sensed by the plant. Sensing may largely occur in two ways: by the decrease of oxygen concentration, and by an increase in ethylene. Although ethylene sensing is now well understood, progress in unraveling the sensing of oxygen has been made only recently. With respect to the signal-transduction pathways, two types of acclimation have received most attention. Aerenchyma formation, to promote gas diffusion through the roots, seems largely under control of ethylene, whereas adventitious root development appears to be induced by an interaction between ethylene and auxin. Parts of these pathways have been described for a range of species, but a complete overview is not yet available. The use of molecular-genetic approaches may fill the gaps in our knowledge, but a lack of suitable model species may hamper further progress.

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“…Since enhanced ethylene levels in submerged plans are partly a consequence of the 10,000 times slower diffusion rate in water compared to air, the influ ence of water depth and surface area/volume ratio cannot be ignored. Deeper water and thicker tissue increase the entrapped ethylene levels (Jackson 1985B). Neither water depth nor surface area/ volume ratio were, however, a source of variation in the experiments comparing the internal ethylene concentrations of R. acetosa and R. palustris under submerged conditions.…”

Section: Rumex Maritimus Behaves As An Annual When Itmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…It is well known that ethylene influences the rate of root extension. Under well-aerated conditions, low ethylene levels (0.02-0.1 ppm) stimulate root extension, whereas high concentrations (1-10 ppm) inhibit root growth in rice and tomato (Jackson 1985B). Interspecific variation between both spe cies was observed in the ethylene concentration that actually stimulates root growth and in the de gree of growth inhibition at high ethylene levels (Jackson and Pearce 1991).…”

Section: Ethylene and Waterloggingmentioning

confidence: 95%

An amalgamation between hormone physiology and plant ecology: A review on flooding resistance and ethylene

Voesenek

Sman

Harren

et al. 1992

J Plant Growth Regul

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Aerenchyma (Gas-space) Formation in Adventitious Roots of Rice (Oryza sativaL.) is not Controlled by Ethylene or Small Partial Pressures of Oxygen

Cited by 100 publications

References 20 publications

Lysigenous aerenchyma formation involves non-apoptotic programmed cell death in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots

Lysigenous aerenchyma formation involves non-apoptotic programmed cell death in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots

Acclimation to soil flooding — sensing and signal-transduction

An amalgamation between hormone physiology and plant ecology: A review on flooding resistance and ethylene

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