Aerial dispersal of biological material from Australia to New Zealand

Close, R. C.; Moar, N. T.; Tomlinson, A. I.; Lowe, A. D.

doi:10.1007/bf01553136

Cited by 129 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Agalega Island to Madagascar 600 km Ridley, 1930 Agrostophyllum majus 81 m in Singapore ++ Aldabra to Madagascar 330 km ++ Anacamptis pyramidalis ' Some tens of kilometres ' from the nearest population of this species Willems, 1994 Andaman Islands to Tenasserim 480 km Ridley, 1930 Australia to New Zealand 2000 km Close et al, 1978 …”

Section: Location or Orchid Distance Covered Refsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tansley Review No. 110.

2000

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Orchid seeds are very small, extremely light and produced in great numbers. Most range in length from c. 0.05 to 6.0 mm, with the difference between the longest and shortest known seeds in the family being 120-fold. The ' widest ' seed at 0.9 mm is 90-fold wider than the ' thinnest ' one, which measures 0.01 mm (because orchid seeds are tubular or balloon-like, ' wide ' and ' thin ' actually refer to diameter). Known seed weights extend from 0.31 µg to 24 µg (a 78-fold difference). Recorded numbers of seeds per fruit are as high as 4 000 000 and as low as 20-50 (80 000-200 000-fold difference). Testae are usually transparent, with outer cell walls that may be smooth or reticulated. Ultrasonic treatments enhance germination, which suggests that the testae can be restrictive. Embryos are even smaller : their volume is substantially smaller than that of the testa. As a result, orchid seeds have large internal air spaces that render them balloon-like. They can float in the air for long periods, a property that facilitates long-distance dispersal. The difficult-to-wet outer surfaces of the testa and large internal air spaces enable the seeds to float on water for prolonged periods. This facilitates distribution through tree effluates and\or small run-off rivulets that may follow rains. Due to their size and characteristics, orchid seeds may also be transported in and on land animals and birds (in fur, feathers or hair, mud on feet, and perhaps also following ingestion).

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Section: Location or Orchid Distance Covered Refsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tansley Review No. 110.

2000

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“…Therefore, it'the fossil pollen are assumed to have been derived from a New Zealand source, then stands of Pomaderris apetala must have existed in North-West Nelson at some time in the past. In contrast, Pomaderris apetala pollen is widely dispersed in Tasmania and is a llU\ior component of Holocene and modem pollen assemblages, particularly those occurring in, or upslope of, wet sclerophyll forest (Macphail 1975(Macphail , 1979a both wind-and insect-pollinated Australian plants has been described by Moar in Close et al (1978) and by Macphail (l979b). A continuous representation, even at trace amounts, of a poorly dispersed pollen type can usually be taken as evidence for the local presence of the source, e.g., Macphail & Mildenhall (1980).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FossilPomaderris apetala-type pollen in North-West Nelson: reflecting extension of wet sclerophyll forests in south-eastern Australia?

Macphail

1981

New Zealand Journal of Botany

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“…New Zealand is approximately 1500 km long and lies across the prevailing airflows, approximately 2000 km away from a massive source of potential invaders in Australia. Close et al (1978) reviewed the aerial dispersal of biological material from Australia to New Zealand. They suggested that on average there are 30 days per year when material could "lift off" from the New South Wales or southern Queensland coastal areas and head towards New Zealand.…”

Section: Introduction Of Rusts To New Zealandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rusts (Melampsora medusae and M. larici-populina) were first found in Australia in localised areas during early 1972 and 1973, respectively (Walker & Hartigan 1972;van Kraayenoord et al 1974). From a study of trans-Tasman trajectory plots, Close et al (1978) suggested that urediniospores may have arrived in New Zealand about 3 March 1973. Van Kraayenoord et al (1974) outlined the initial arrival of the rusts in New Zealand and their subsequent spread throughout the North Island.…”

Section: Introduction Of Rusts To New Zealandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rust fungi of New Zealand—An introduction, and list of recorded species

McKenzie

1998

New Zealand Journal of Botany

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An overview of the rust fungi (Basidiomycota, Teliomycetes, Uredinales) is presented as an introduction towards a new rust mycoflora for New Zealand. All species recorded from New Zealand are listed, together with details on their host plants, a reference to the first New Zealand record of each unique rust/host combination, and a separate alphabetical list of host plants and the rust fungi which parasitise them. New Zealand has a depauperate rust flora consisting of 234 recorded species, of which 54% are native. Of 22 genera recorded from New Zealand only five genera (Hamaspora, Kuehneola, Phragmidium, Puccinia, Uromyces) and three form genera (Aecidium, Caeoma, Uredo) contain native species. Only five genera (Phragmidium, Melampsora, Puccinia, Uromyces, Uromycladium) and two form genera (Aecidium, Uredo) are represented by more than two species. Melampsora contains mainly adventive species; approximately half of the Phragmidium, Puccinia, and Uromyces species and all the Uromycladium species are adventive. Some 95% of the Uredo species and all the Aecidium species are native. Only eight native rusts have spread to exotic hosts; Uredo puawhananga commonly infects some exotic, cultivated Clematis species, while Puccinia lagenophorae is sometimes troublesome on cultivars of Bellis perennis. None of the 17 exotic rusts infecting native plants is of economic or conservation concern.The widespread rusts in New Zealand are often adventive species. Only 5% of adventive rusts B97050 Received 17 July 1997; accepted 24 November 1997 are confined to the South Island, but 30% are confined to the North Island. This inequity probably reflects the warmer conditions in the north, and the fact that adventive species are often of tropical origin. Of the native species, 34% occur only in the South Island and just 14% are restricted to the North Island. Since 1945, on average, more than one new adventive rust has been found per year. Most of them are of northern temperate origin, but often considered to be introduced from Australia by transTasman airflows.

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Aerial dispersal of biological material from Australia to New Zealand

Cited by 129 publications

References 63 publications

Tansley Review No. 110.

Tansley Review No. 110.

FossilPomaderris apetala-type pollen in North-West Nelson: reflecting extension of wet sclerophyll forests in south-eastern Australia?

Rust fungi of New Zealand—An introduction, and list of recorded species

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