Aerial Dispersal of Red Pine Scale,
Matsucoccus resinosae
(Homoptera: Margarodidae)
1

Stephens, George R.; Aylor, Donald E.

doi:10.1093/ee/7.4.556

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…This model performed better than the earlier Gaussian Lagrangian stochastic models, e.g. [53], in accounting for the distance moved by minute aerially-transported organisms within and just above plant canopies.…”

Section: The Physics Of the Aerial Migration Of Minute Wingless Arthrmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…This would seemingly exclude largish mites -phytoseiid mites weighing from 8.5 to 21.7 μg had fall speeds of ~0.5 ms -1 [36] -but would certainly include the tiny eriophyid mites which we estimate (from a comparison with phytoseiids) had fall speeds ~0.03-0.08 ms -1 (A.M. Reynolds, unpublished). Where the fall speeds of scale insect crawlers have been determined, they were ~0.27 ms -1 [35,53,58]), which is probably near enough to the 0.1 ms -1 threshold for these organisms to be included in the theory. More generally, we note that there is a need for empirical studies which focus on the evolution of 'movement distance kernels' (i.e., the probability density function of dispersal distance from a source) in windborne non-volant arthropods, rather than just on their behavioural propensity to disperse.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-volant modes of migration in terrestrial arthropods

Reynolds

Chapman

2014

Animal Migration

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rather overlooked means of migration occur in insects, and in non-insect terrestrial arthropods. These include: aerial transport without powered flight (with or without the use of silk), pedestrian and waterborne migration, wind-propelled migration on the surface of water, and phoresy. ('Parasitic dispersal,' the movement of true parasites in or between their hosts, is outside the scope of this paper.) There is a large body of literature on some of these topics (e.g. phoresy in mites), so the current paper will be illustrative rather than comprehensive.The movements by which animals are able to change their physical location can be categorized behaviourally into 'station-keeping' movements (e.g. foraging), 'ranging,' and migration [2]. The present review is concerned with migratory movements, and we adopt the widely-accepted behavioural definition of this process formulated by J.S. Kennedy [6]:"Migratory behaviour is persistent and straightened-out movement effected by the animal's own locomotory exertions or by its active embarkation on a vehicle. It depends upon some temporary inhibition of station-keeping responses but promotes their eventual disinhibition and recurrence." Abstract: Animal migration is often defined in terms appropriate only to the 'to-and-fro' movements of large, charismatic (and often vertebrate) species. However, like other important biological processes, the definition should apply over as broad a taxonomic range as possible in order to be intellectually satisfying. Here we illustrate the process of migration in insects and other terrestrial arthropods (e.g. arachnids, myriapods, and non-insect hexapods) but provide a different perspective by excluding the 'typical' mode of migration in insects, i.e. flapping flight. Instead, we review non-volant migratory movements, including: aerial migration by wingless species, pedestrian and waterborne migration, and phoresy. This reveals some fascinating and sometimes bizarre morphological and behavioural adaptations to facilitate movement. We also outline some innovative modelling approaches exploring the interactions between atmospheric transport processes and biological factors affecting the 'dispersal kernels' of wingless arthropods.

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Section: The Physics Of the Aerial Migration Of Minute Wingless Arthrmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-volant modes of migration in terrestrial arthropods

Reynolds

Chapman

2014

Animal Migration

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“…Crawlers of the ice plant scale, Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot) (Homoptera: Coccoidea), exploit boundary layer velocity gradients by exhibiting an aerial take-off posture that involves lifting the prothoracic legs and forebody and standing on the meso-and metathoracic legs (Washburn and Washburn 1984). Such aerial take-off posture has also been observed in other scale insects (Stephens and Aylor 1978;Gullan and Kosztarab 1997), phytoseiid mites (Johnson and Croft 1976;Hoy 1982;Croft and Jung 2001), which are selective predators of Tetranychus spider mites (McMurtry and Croft 1997), except for Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) (Sabelis and Afman 1994), and herbivorous eriophyid mites (Duffner et al 2001). These behaviors may efficiently increase drag force; if they do not stand up, they may be embedded in the laminar boundary layer formed at the leading edge of the plant substrate (Washburn and Washburn 1984;Jung 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Aerodynamic advantages of upside down take-off for aerial dispersal in Tetranychus spider mites

et al. 2008

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Aerial dispersal may be important for redistribution of spider mites into new habitats. Evidence for behavioral control of aerial take-off has been well documented for Tetranychus urticae Koch. Before aerial dispersal they exhibit the aerial take-off posture that involves lifting the forelegs upright and raising the forebody. However, whether the aerial take-off posture functions to increase drag has remained unclear. The objectives of this study were to clarify: (i) aerodynamic effects of the aerial take-off posture; and (ii) actual aerial take-off behavior in T. urticae. To evaluate the aerodynamic forces experienced by grounded spider mites in different postures, we constructed three-dimensional models of T. urticae, exhibiting the aerial take-off posture and the normal posture, using computer graphics. We found that the aerial take-off posture was effective in receiving greater rearward forces from wind rather than upward forces. As a result, aerial take-off from a horizontal platform is unlikely. Instead, inverted departure surfaces, e.g., lower leaf surfaces, with inclines are likely to be effective sites for take-off. Laboratory experiments and field observations indicated that the mites preferentially adopted such a position for orientation and take-off. Our findings provided a rationale for the take-off behavior of Tetranychus spider mites.

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“…Some Sternorrhyncha have a sedentary lifestyle, such as adult female scale insects, or early in their life cycle (Pesson 1944, Gullan & Kosztarab 1997. Generally, the first stage of these scale insects, the crawlers, correspond to a dispersion phase when they walk on their own, are carried by ants or are dispersed by wind (Stephens & Aylor 1978, Washburn & Washburn 1983. Species that show any form of association with ants, range from 1 to 10-15 mm.…”

Section: Who Are the Partners Of The Trophobiosis And Why Does It Makmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trophobiosis Between Formicidae and Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha): an Overview

Delabie¹

2001

Neotrop. Entomol.

252

246

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Trofobiose Entre Formicidae e Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha e Auchenorrhyncha):Uma Visão Geral RESUMO -Fêz-se uma revisão sobre a relação conhecida como trofobiose e que ocorre de forma convergente entre formigas e diferentes grupos de Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha e Auchenorrhyncha (até então conhecidos como 'Homoptera'). As principais características dos 'Homoptera' e dos Formicidae que favorecem as interações trofobióticas, tais como a excreção de honeydew por insetos sugadores, atendimento por formigas e necessidades fisiológicas dos dois grupos de insetos, são discutidas. Aspectos da sua evolução convergente são apresentados. O sistema mais arcaico não é exatamente trofobiótico, as forrageadoras coletam o honeydew despejado ao acaso na folhagem por indivíduos ou grupos de 'Homoptera' não associados. As relações trofobióticas mais comuns são facultativas, no entanto, esta forma de mutualismo é extremamente diversificada e é responsável por numerosas adaptações fisiológicas, morfológicas ou comportamentais entre os 'Homoptera', em particular Sternorrhyncha. As trofobioses mais diferenciadas são verdadeiras simbioses onde as adaptações mais extremas são observadas do lado dos 'Homoptera'. Ao mesmo tempo, as formigas mostram adaptações comportamentais que resultam de um longo período de coevolução. Considerando-se os insetos sugadores como principais pragas dos cultivos em nível mundial, as implicações das relações trofobióticas são discutidas no contexto das comunidades de insetos em geral, focalizando os problemas que geram em Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP), em particular. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Relações insetos/insetos, relações plantas/insetos, mutualismo, coevolução.ABSTRACT -In this paper, the mutualistic relationship known as trophobiosis, which occurs convergently between ants and several groups of Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha (formerly 'Homoptera') is reviewed. The main characteristics of 'Homoptera' and Formicidae which favor trophobiotic interactions, such as honeydew excretion by sapsucking insects, ant attendance and physiological needs of both insects groups, are discussed. Aspects of the convergent evolution are presented. The most archaic system is not trophobiotic per se, foragers collect the honeydew casually expelled on the foliage by individuals or groups of non-associated 'Homoptera'. The commonest trophobiotic relationships are facultative; therefore, this form of mutualism is extremely diversified and is responsible for a range of physiological, morphological and behavioral adaptations by the 'Homoptera', mainly Sternorrhyncha. The more differentiated trophobioses are true symbioses where the most extreme changes can be observed on the 'Homoptera' side. Meanwhile, the ants show mainly behavioral adaptations resulting from a long coevolutive process. Considering the situation of sap-sucking insects as main crop pests worldwide, implications of trophobiotic relationships are discussed in the context of insect communities, in general, and on the problems that imply to Integrated Pest Manage...

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Aerial Dispersal of Red Pine Scale, Matsucoccus resinosae (Homoptera: Margarodidae) 1

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Non-volant modes of migration in terrestrial arthropods

Non-volant modes of migration in terrestrial arthropods

Aerodynamic advantages of upside down take-off for aerial dispersal in Tetranychus spider mites

Trophobiosis Between Formicidae and Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha): an Overview

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