Aeriometallurgical Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from a NdFeB Magnet Utilizing Supercritical Fluids

Zhang, Jiakai; Anawati, John; Yao, Yuhang; Azimi, Gisele

doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03992

Cited by 52 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The majority of publications are focused on material recycling and recovery: (a) in general [7,48,84], (b) of blade materials [47,[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96] or (c) of critical raw materials [97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105]. Joining up the start and the end of low-carbon infrastructure supply chains, resource security concerns [102,106,107], design for recycling [108,109] and supply chain security and development [95,103] are covered.…”

Section: Current Circular Economy Literature On Wind Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind

Velenturf

2021

Energies

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Circular economy and renewable energy infrastructure such as offshore wind farms are often assumed to be developed in synergy as part of sustainable transitions. Offshore wind is among the preferred technologies for low-carbon energy. Deployment is forecast to accelerate over ten times faster than onshore wind between 2021 and 2025, while the first generation of offshore wind turbines is about to be decommissioned. However, the growing scale of offshore wind brings new sustainability challenges. Many of the challenges are circular economy-related, such as increasing resource exploitation and competition and underdeveloped end-of-use solutions for decommissioned components and materials. However, circular economy is not yet commonly and systematically applied to offshore wind. Circular economy is a whole system approach aiming to make better use of products, components and materials throughout their consecutive lifecycles. The purpose of this study is to enable the integration of a sustainable circular economy into the design, development, operation and end-of-use management of offshore wind infrastructure. This will require a holistic overview of potential circular economy strategies that apply to offshore wind, because focus on no, or a subset of, circular solutions would open the sector to the risk of unintended consequences, such as replacing carbon impacts with water pollution, and short-term private cost savings with long-term bills for taxpayers. This study starts with a systematic review of circular economy and wind literature as a basis for the coproduction of a framework to embed a sustainable circular economy throughout the lifecycle of offshore wind energy infrastructure, resulting in eighteen strategies: design for circular economy, data and information, recertification, dematerialisation, waste prevention, modularisation, maintenance and repair, reuse and repurpose, refurbish and remanufacturing, lifetime extension, repowering, decommissioning, site recovery, disassembly, recycling, energy recovery, landfill and re-mining. An initial baseline review for each strategy is included. The application and transferability of the framework to other energy sectors, such as oil and gas and onshore wind, are discussed. This article concludes with an agenda for research and innovation and actions to take by industry and government.

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Section: Current Circular Economy Literature On Wind Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind

Velenturf

2021

Energies

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“…These include extraction from pretreated bastnasite, 50 fluorescent lamp phosphors, 52,53 nickel metal hydride batteries, 51 and neodymium−iron−boron magnets. 54 Supercritical lanthanide recovery from coal fly ash has also been proposed. 55…”

Section: ■ Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the starting material is a lanthanide oxide or hydroxide, then CO 2 and a TBP/HNO 3 adduct are introduced to generate a nitrate and then extract with TBP (see eqs 2 and 3). Percent extraction can then be measured by directing the outlet fluid into a trap solution [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]56 or by measuring the remaining lanthanides in the solid/liquid phase left in the cell. 38,45,46,49 Many studies have distinguished between "dynamic extraction" and "static extraction".…”

Section: ■ Summary Of Past Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supercritical Extraction of Lanthanide Tributyl Phosphate Complexes: Current Status and Future Directions

Sinclair

Tester

Thompson

et al. 2019

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Many researchers have studied the extraction of lanthanides with tributyl phosphate in supercritical carbon dioxide. Potential applications include the enhanced extraction or separation of lanthanides from ores and recycled materials by making use of the unique solvation properties of supercritical CO2. In some cases, tributyl phosphate has been used to extract lanthanides from their solid nitrate salt form or from nitrate solutions. In other cases, tributyl phosphate/nitric acid adducts have been used to extract lanthanides from oxides, hydroxides, ores, phosphors, magnets, and waste batteries. Flow-through-type experiments have been useful for measuring extraction kinetics for various lanthanide-containing materials. Equilibrium -type experiments have helped to show the effect of different parameters on phase equilibria, often making use of spectroscopy to measure supercritical lanthanide concentrations in situ. Several studies have noted that extraction decreases when more water is added to the system; this is likely due to the condensation of aqueous droplets, which segregate lanthanides and thus inhibit extraction. It is proposed that varying degrees of water dissolution account for the inconsistent effect of pressure or temperature on extraction across various studies.

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“…In the case of NdFeB magnet recycling, especially the separation of neodymium from dysprosium is important. Different researchers have investigated the Nd/Dy separation by solvent extraction, with the aim of improving the separation efficiency. − Moreover, as the use of green solvents is attractive and most recommended, ionic liquids , and supercritical carbon dioxide , were investigated as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Separation of Neodymium and Dysprosium by Nonaqueous Solvent Extraction from a Polyethylene Glycol 200 Phase Using the Neutral Extractant Cyanex 923

Dewulf

Batchu

Binnemans

2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Neodymium and dysprosium can be efficiently separated by solvent extraction, using the neutral extractant Cyanex 923, if the conventional aqueous feed phase is largely replaced by the green polar organic solvent polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200). While pure aqueous and pure PEG 200 solutions in the presence of LiCl or HCl were not able to separate the two rare earth elements, high separation factors were observed when extraction was performed from PEG 200 chloride solutions with addition of small amounts of water. This addition of water bridges the gap between traditional hydrometallurgy and novel solvometallurgy and overcomes the challenges faced in both methods. The effect of different variables was investigated: water content, chloride concentration, type of chloride salt, Cyanex 923 concentration, scrubbing agent. A Job plot revealed the extraction stoichiometry is DyCl 3 •4L, where L is Cyanex 923. The McCabe-Thiele diagram for dysprosium extraction showed that complete extraction of this metal can be achieved by a 3-stage counter-current solvent extraction process, leaving neodymium behind in the raffinate. Finally, a conceptual flow sheet for the separation of neodymium and dysprosium including extraction, scrubbing, stripping, and regeneration steps was presented. The nonaqueous solvent extraction process presented in this paper can contribute to efficient recycling of rare earths from end-of-life neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets.

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Aeriometallurgical Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from a NdFeB Magnet Utilizing Supercritical Fluids

Cited by 52 publications

References 52 publications

A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind

A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind

Supercritical Extraction of Lanthanide Tributyl Phosphate Complexes: Current Status and Future Directions

Enhanced Separation of Neodymium and Dysprosium by Nonaqueous Solvent Extraction from a Polyethylene Glycol 200 Phase Using the Neutral Extractant Cyanex 923

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