“…To predict aerodynamic forces acting on a deforming structure, simplified formulations based on piston, Van Dyke and shock-expansion theories are common for quasi-steady interactions, due to the minimal computational cost (Brouwer & McNamara, 2019;McNamara & Friedmann, 2007;. For higher physical fidelity, prior studies have resorted to solving the inviscid Euler flow equations (Visbal, 2012) or the Navier-Stokes equations via Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approaches (Gogulapati et al, 2014;Shahriar, Shoele, & Kumar, 2018;Visbal, 2014;Yao, Zhang, & Liu, 2017), detached-eddy simulations (Gan & Zha, 2016), large-eddy simulation (LES) (Borazjani & Akbarzadeh, 2020;Pasquariello et al, 2015) or direct numerical simulation (Shinde, McNamara, Gaitonde, Barnes & Visbal, 2018), coupled with structural solvers (Schemmel, Collins, Bhushan, & Bhatia, 2020). Although attractive from a computational cost standpoint, RANS approaches cannot accurately predict strong flow separation and associated low-frequency dynamics in STBLIs (Sadagopan, Huang, Xu, & Yang, 2021).…”