Abstract:BackgroundOnly a few studies have addressed the relationship between toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) and the production of local and systemic cytokines in response to physical exercise, and they have produced conflicting results. We aimed to determine whether acute and chronic exercise outcomes are associated with changes in TLR2 and TLR4 expression and signaling and if so, the mechanisms that connect them.MethodsPubMed database were consulted. This systematic review selected 39 articles, 26 involv… Show more
“…TLR2 is another member of the TLRs family that is also involved in the cell response to immune stimuli, and shares with TLR4 its downstream signalling cascade. A recent systematic review showed that chronic exercise has anti-inflammatory effects on the organism through the downregulation of both TLR2 and TLR4 at the protein and gene expression levels [ 56 ], which is in accordance with our results.…”
A chronic inflammatory state is a major characteristic of the aging process, and physical activity is proposed as a key component for healthy aging. Our aim was to evaluate the body composition, hypertension, lipid profile, and inflammatory status of older adults, and these factors’ association with physical activity. A total of 116 elderly volunteers were categorized into terciles of quantitative metabolic equivalents of task (MET). Subjects in the first and third terciles were defined as sedentary and active subjects, respectively. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, hemograms, and inflammatory markers were measured in plasma or peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs). The active groups exercised more than their sedentary counterparts. The practice of physical activity was accompanied by lower weight, fat mass, body mass index, and diastolic blood pressure when compared to a more sedentary life-style. Physical activity also lowered the haematocrit and total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts. The practice of exercise induced a decrease in the IL-6 circulating levels and the TLR2 protein levels in PBMCs, while the expression of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 was activated in active subjects. The regular practice of physical activity exerts beneficial effects on body composition and the anti-inflammatory status of old people.
“…TLR2 is another member of the TLRs family that is also involved in the cell response to immune stimuli, and shares with TLR4 its downstream signalling cascade. A recent systematic review showed that chronic exercise has anti-inflammatory effects on the organism through the downregulation of both TLR2 and TLR4 at the protein and gene expression levels [ 56 ], which is in accordance with our results.…”
A chronic inflammatory state is a major characteristic of the aging process, and physical activity is proposed as a key component for healthy aging. Our aim was to evaluate the body composition, hypertension, lipid profile, and inflammatory status of older adults, and these factors’ association with physical activity. A total of 116 elderly volunteers were categorized into terciles of quantitative metabolic equivalents of task (MET). Subjects in the first and third terciles were defined as sedentary and active subjects, respectively. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, hemograms, and inflammatory markers were measured in plasma or peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs). The active groups exercised more than their sedentary counterparts. The practice of physical activity was accompanied by lower weight, fat mass, body mass index, and diastolic blood pressure when compared to a more sedentary life-style. Physical activity also lowered the haematocrit and total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts. The practice of exercise induced a decrease in the IL-6 circulating levels and the TLR2 protein levels in PBMCs, while the expression of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 was activated in active subjects. The regular practice of physical activity exerts beneficial effects on body composition and the anti-inflammatory status of old people.
“…The effects of physical exercise on TLR expression and on inflammatory cytokines production have been demonstrated in few studies, till now it is still an area of controversy. Furthermore, the effect of acute exercise on TLR expression has received even less attention (Cavalcante et al 2018). Early studies state that prolonged strenuous exercise causes suppression of both TLR expression and function.…”
Section: Physical Exercisementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The released cytokines promote inflammatory responses, affect the physiological processes of the host body, and represent as the master contributors of many diseases (Bresnahan and Tanumihardjo 2014). There are many factors regulating TLR function; some of these factors include inflammation (Schroeder 2009), cytokine (Miettinen et al 2001), cellular processes such as cell migration and apoptosis (Herrera et al 2011), air pollution (Zhang and Gallo 2016), neuropsychiatric disorders (García Bueno et al 2016), drugs (Bode et al 2014a), genetic polymorphism (Tsujimoto et al 2008), physical exercise (Cavalcante et al 2018), aging (Shaw et al 2011a), and nutritional status (Vidya et al 2017). Good nutrition is required for the immune system to function properly (Mora et al 2010).…”
Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I integral transmembrane receptors involved in recognition and conveying of pathogens to the immune system. These receptors are located either on cell surfaces or within endosomes. They are activated by specific ligand leading to the release of cytokines via signal transduction pathway. The excess production of these cytokines leads to disrupt the immune homeostasis. There are several factors regulating TLR expression and consequently affecting their functions. Among these are inflammation, cytokines, some cellular process, air pollution, depression, stress, some drugs, genetic polymorphism, nutrition, and micronutrients. Some micronutrients (vitamins and trace elements) may be considered as important TLR regulators, as they have immunomodulatory functions. Vitamins D, B12, and A; zinc; copper; and iron have important role on innate immune responses. Aim of work: This review gives a brief idea on TLR family and attempts to cover the factors affecting the physiological functions of them. Conclusion: Of many factors affecting TLRs functions are micronutrients. There is a shortage of researches concerning the effect of micronutrients deficiency on the function of TLRs, all of which focused on vitamin D but other vitamins have not got the same importance that they deserve. This orients our efforts to work at this point in the future.
“…Among other things, acute exercise increases pro-inflammatory cytokines, increases oxidative stress, and increases cortisol/corticosterone. When combined with physical activity in a chronic manner, this response can train the body to adapt or be more resilient to psychological and physical stress, or counteract inflammatory or other negative physiological effects of AD, leading ultimately to protection or slowing of the disease progression ( Cavalcante et al, 2017 ; Pedersen and Saltin, 2006 ). Fig.…”
Section: Does Chronic Physical Activity Provide Resistance or Resiliementioning
Physical activity and stress are both environmental modifiers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Animal studies of physical activity in AD models have largely reported positive results, however benefits are not always observed in either cognitive or pathological outcomes and inconsistencies among findings remain. Studies using forced exercise may increase stress and mitigate some of the benefit of physical activity in AD models, while voluntary exercise regimens may not achieve optimal intensity to provide robust benefit. We evaluated the findings of studies of voluntary and forced exercise regimens in AD mouse models to determine the influence of stress, or the intensity of exercise needed to outweigh the negative effects of stress on AD measures. In addition, we show that chronic physical activity in a mouse model of AD can prevent the effects of acute restraint stress on Aβ levels in the hippocampus. Stress and physical activity have many overlapping and divergent effects on the body and some of the possible mechanisms through which physical activity may protect against stress-induced risk factors for AD are discussed. While the physiological effects of acute stress and acute exercise overlap, chronic effects of physical activity appear to directly oppose the effects of chronic stress on risk factors for AD. Further study is needed to identify optimal parameters for intensity, duration and frequency of physical activity to counterbalance effects of stress on the development and progression of AD.
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