Aerobic conditioning and stress inoculation: A comparison of stress-management interventions

Long, Bonita C.

doi:10.1007/bf01173289

Cited by 52 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…A decrease in anxiety levels after the implementation of sport psychological interventions is not a strange phenomenon. Long (1984) and Long and Haney (1988) found that anxiety levels of joggers decreased significantly after stress-inoculation and progressive relaxation exercises. Kingston and Hardy (1997) found that process goals set by golf players have a positive effect on their self-efficacy, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of SHIP® (spontaneous healing intrasystemic process) on adolescent tennis players

Hoffman¹,

Steyn

2010

Af. J. Phys, Health Edu. Rec. & Dance

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The core problem statement of this study is that SHIP® as a psychotherapeutic intervention has never been tested in a sport psychological context. The study on which this article is based attempted to address this specific lack of research in Sport Psychology. SHIP® focuses mainly on psychological processes such as healing and growth. Experts emphasize that research on psychological processes in sport is very important for the future of Sport Psychology. With the above considerations in mind, a study was done with two groups of adolescent tennis players (an experimental group and a control group). While the experimental group took part in the intervention the control group did not receive any intervention. Both groups were evaluated before, during and after the intervention using the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2), the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Ryff's psychological well-being scale as measuring instruments. The results within the groups and between the groups were statistically analysed. The results indicated that the experimental group improved significantly in their ability to cope with competition stress, mood states and psychological well-being, while the control group remained almost unchanged on the above-mentioned attributes. The study found that SHIP® not only has therapeutic value, but can also impact positively on the potential and mental capacities of adolescent tennis players. It is concluded that SHIP® has definite value in the field of Sport Psychology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of SHIP® (spontaneous healing intrasystemic process) on adolescent tennis players

Hoffman¹,

Steyn

2010

Af. J. Phys, Health Edu. Rec. & Dance

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“…For example, participants in Long's (1984) study recorded their exercise experience in a journal. The journal included how they felt before and after their jog, the distance and/or time run, and their heart rate.…”

Section: Implications For Exercise Programmesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is empirical Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 09:09 05 January 2015 evidence that individuals who maintain an exercise programme enhance important components of self-schemata such as self-efficacy and competence (Hughes 1984, Long 1984, Long and Haney, 1988a. Individuals who store their exercise experiences in long-term memory as a self-schema of mastery, self-efficacy, control, or self-regulation may subsequently draw on this positive self-schema when confionted with potentially stressful situations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Coping with work stress: Psychological benefits of exercise

Long

Flood

1993

Work & Stress

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Although the health-enhancing effects of physical exercise have been well documented, less is known about how exercise benefits stressed employees psychologically. Ths article examines exercise as a coping response, and identifies changes in self-schemata (a person's underlying beliefsystems about himor herself) as the means by which exercise affects coping resources. In addition, by drawing on schema theory and the exercise literature, the active components of an exercise programme and the individuals who might enhance their ability to cope with stress through such a programme are identified.

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“…However, we are more interested in self-efficacy as a consequence of activity in older adults (e.g., using physical activity to enhance self-perceptions of competence). Other investigators have found that self-efficacy is influenced by both short-term exercise ('Hogan & Santomier, 1984;Long, 1984Long, , 1985Long & Haney, 1988a, 1988b and long-term exercise (McAuley, Courneya, & Lettunich, 1991).Physical activity or exercise reportedly declines with age (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996a (1987) examined more than 3,000 community-dwelling Japanese to determine the relationship between physical activity and life morale and life satisfaction. They found that those who maintained high and moderate levels of activity showed high levels of life morale.…”

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confidence: 95%

Physical Activity and Perceived Self-Efficacy in Older Adults

Langan

Marotta

2000

Adultspan Journal

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The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of seyeficacy in older adults, with physical activity, age, and sex as the predictor variables. Regression analyses revealed physical activity to be the only statistically signi$cant predictor of seyeficacy. Thesejndings may be of interest t o counselors who work with olderpeople.The population of the United States is rapidly aging. Life expectancies for men and women are increasing (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997), and the over-65 age group is projected to double in size by 2020 (Bokovoy & Blair, 1994). Within the population of older Americans, the number of individuals over 85 is expected to quadruple (Zedlewski, Barnes, Burt, McBride, & Meyer, 1990). From a social perspective, individuals in the 8th and 9th decades of life are expected to be involved in the health care system to an unprecedented degree if population growth continues as projected (U.S.Bureau of the Census, 1992). National cross-sectional surveys of physical activity consistently report that physical activity declines with age and that older adults participate in less physical exercise than d o younger adults (Stephens & Caspersen, 1994). Physical activity refers to "any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle that increases energy expenditure above the basal level" (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996a, p. 20). This definition includes all physical activities, as well as structured physical exercise. T h e relationships between health and activity and between sedentary living and disease are well documented (Cousins & Keating, 1995; Paffenbarger & Lee, 1996). The U.S.Department of Health and Human Services (1996b) reports that "as many as 250,000 deaths per year in the United States have been attributed to a lack of regular physical activity" (p. 24). If the health care system is to be responsive to the needs of an increasingly older population, preventive measures to maximize independence will have to be explored and developed. Moving the older population from a sedentary to an active lifestyle is a challenge for health and mental health practitioners. Intuitively, we propose that the developmental tasks associated with independence and autonomy of the young-old, meaning those near 65 years of age, would differ from those of the old-old, meaning those 75 years and older. Yet, most research considers older adults to be a homogeneous group. This study looks at the relationship between physical activity and perceptions of selfefficacy in older adults, considering the group to be heterogeneous and not homogeneous. Bandura (1989) asserted that people who believe they are capable of controlling their lives are more likely to be able to do so. Self-efficacy expectations are not concerned with the skills individuals possess but what they think they can do with whatever skills they possess (Bandura, 1986). Individuals with a strong sense of self-efficacy are able to adapt emotionally to life's challenges and difficult situations without becoming overanxious (Ma...

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Aerobic conditioning and stress inoculation: A comparison of stress-management interventions

Cited by 52 publications

References 41 publications

The effect of SHIP® (spontaneous healing intrasystemic process) on adolescent tennis players

The effect of SHIP® (spontaneous healing intrasystemic process) on adolescent tennis players

Coping with work stress: Psychological benefits of exercise

Physical Activity and Perceived Self-Efficacy in Older Adults

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