Aerobic dive limit: how often does it occur in nature?

Sea lions in drag, fur seals incognito: Insights from the otariid deviants

“…References! Galapagos fur seal ); Antarctic fur seal (Costa et al 2001); South American fur seal ); subantarctic fur seal (Geprges et al 2000b); cape fur seal ); Au'stralian fur seal (Arnauld and Hindell 2001); Galapagos sea lion ); Australian sea lion (Costa and Gales 2003); California sea lion (Feldkamp et al 1989); New Zealand sea lion (Costa and Gales 2000); Southern sea lion (Thompson et al 1998). ' feeds exclusively within Bass Strait between the Australian mainland and Tasmania, an area considered nutrient-poor with low marine productivity (Warneke and Shaughnessy 1985), Similarly, California sea lions on the California coast are epipelagic foragers in the cold productive waters of the California Current (Feldkamp et al 1989(Feldkamp et al , 1991, whereas the continental shelf habitat of the benthic foraging Galapagos sea lion is of generally low~r productivity (Farina et al 2003, Okey et al 2004.…”

Scaling matters: incorporating body composition into Weddell seal seasonal oxygen store comparisons reveals maintenance of aerobic capacities

“…The ADL can be estimated by dividing endogenous O 2 stores by diving metabolic rates (DMR), which is an accurate estimator of the diving lactate threshold in Weddell seals (Kooyman et al 1980(Kooyman et al , 1983Ponganis et al 1993;Burns and Castellini 1996;Costa et al 2001). The diving lactate threshold, or the "true" ADL, will vary on a dive-by-dive basis depending on O 2 saturation at the start of a dive, the magnitude of the dive response, and metabolic rates (Castellini et al 1992b;Guyton et al 1995;Davis and Kanatous 1999).…”

“…The diving lactate threshold, or the "true" ADL, will vary on a dive-by-dive basis depending on O 2 saturation at the start of a dive, the magnitude of the dive response, and metabolic rates (Castellini et al 1992b;Guyton et al 1995;Davis and Kanatous 1999). However, given the difficulty of measuring the diving lactate threshold in free-living animals, the calculated (c)ADL is used as a proxy (Costa et al 2001Costa and Sinervo 2004).…”

Deep-Diving California Sea Lions: Are They Pushing Their Physiological Limit?

“…This information is essential if we are to interpret and understand the limits of dive performance, foraging ecology, and the ability of breath hold divers to adapt to environmental change and disturbance. The concept that most dives are aerobic in nature and do not exceed an aerobic dive limit (ADL -dive duration associated with the onset of post-dive blood lactate accumulation) has dominated the interpretation of dive behavior and foraging ecology over the past 30 years (Kooyman et al, 1980;Costa et al, 2001). However, because of technical difficulties, the ADL has rarely been measured.…”

“…However, because of technical difficulties, the ADL has rarely been measured. Instead, researchers have had to resort to estimations of total O 2 store depletion, i.e., calculated ADLs (cADLs) (Costa et al, 2001;Weise and Costa, 2007). In this study we will determine the rate and magnitude of O 2 store depletion during dives, and investigate its relationship to heart rate and workload, thereby improving our understanding of O 2 management during diving, specifically the role of lung O 2 stores and O 2 delivery to tissues.…”