Aerobic Oxidations in Continuous Flow

Pieber, Bartholomäus; Kappe, C. Oliver

doi:10.1007/3418_2015_133

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 173 publications

(199 reference statements)

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“…The safety issues connected with liquid phase oxidation reactions have been reviewed recently [150,151]. Oxidising reactants typically used are oxygen, ozone or peroxides, which are usually mixed with organic solvents.…”

Section: Safety Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical reaction engineering, process design and scale-up issues at the frontier of synthesis: Flow chemistry

Rossetti

Compagnoni

2016

Chemical Engineering Journal

203

103

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Flow chemistry has been proposed in modern organic chemistry as a mean for process intensification, to improve the control over reaction performance and to achieve higher yield. However, many open issues can be evidenced regarding the true possibility of scale-up, as well as currently lacking information for process design and economical evaluation. This review proposes some recent examples of flow synthesis deepening in particular the scale-up and engineering issues. Required information is evidenced, as well as some transport and kinetic data required for the practical implementation of the results.

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Section: Safety Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical reaction engineering, process design and scale-up issues at the frontier of synthesis: Flow chemistry

Rossetti

Compagnoni

2016

Chemical Engineering Journal

203

103

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“…In particular, the consortium focused on the development of safe and scalable continuous flow technologies for aerobic oxidation reactions. Recent reviews have provided overviews of the significant progress made in the last decade towards the utilization of O 2 within continuous flow environments [16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Molecular Oxygen for Liquid Phase Aerobic Oxidations in Continuous Flow

Hone¹,

Kappe²

2018

Topics in Current Chemistry Collections

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Molecular oxygen (O 2) is the ultimate "green" oxidant for organic synthesis. There has been recent intensive research within the synthetic community to develop new selective liquid phase aerobic oxidation methodologies as a response to the necessity to reduce the environmental impact of chemical synthesis and manufacture. Green and sustainable chemical processes rely not only on effective chemistry but also on the implementation of reactor technologies that enhance reaction performance and overall safety. Continuous flow reactors have facilitated safer and more efficient utilization of O 2 , whilst enabling protocols to be scalable. In this article, we discuss recent advancements in the utilization of continuous processing for aerobic oxidations. The translation of aerobic oxidation from batch protocols to continuous flow processes, including process intensification (high T/p), is examined. The use of "synthetic air", typically consisting of less than 10% O 2 in N 2 , is compared to pure O 2 (100% O 2) as an oxidant source in terms of process efficiency and safety. Examples of homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous (packed bed) catalysis are provided. The application of flow photoreactors for the in situ formation of singlet oxygen (1 O 2) for use in organic reactions, as well as the implementation of membrane technologies, green solvents and recent reactor solutions for handling O 2 are covered.

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“…Moreover, a gas-liquid oxidation in flow features an excellent mass and heat transfer, minimizing the possibility of explosion when flammable solvent are used. 33 Heterogeneous reactions can be carried out using a segmented (slug) flow which allows a more efficient mixing, with improved mass transfer between the phases ( Figure 2). 34 Specifically, photo-oxygenations involve the participation of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) as reactive species which can be formed in situ under photosensitizer oxygen conditions.…”

Section: Flow Photochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Light on the Horizon: Current Research and Future Perspectives in Flow Photochemistry

Politano

Oksdath‐Mansilla

2018

Org. Process Res. Dev.

152

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The research area of synthetic organic photochemistry is a powerful tool for creating both natural products and molecules with high structural complexity, in a simple way and under mild conditions. However, because of the challenges in scaling-up, it has been difficult to apply a photochemical reaction in an industrial process. Flow chemistry provides an opportunity for better control over the conditions of the reaction and, additionally, improved reaction selectivity and enhanced reproducibility. Taking into account that significant interest has focused on the use of flow photochemistry as a method for the synthesis of heterocycles and its applications in target-oriented synthesis over the last few years, the aim of this review is to highlight the recent efforts to apply flow photochemistry methodology to diverse reactions as a greener and more scalable process for the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. Additionally, the review highlights future perspectives in the development of scale-up strategies, combining photochemical reactions in the continuous flow multistep synthesis of organic molecules, being of interest for scientists and engineers alike.

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Aerobic Oxidations in Continuous Flow

Cited by 36 publications

References 173 publications

Chemical reaction engineering, process design and scale-up issues at the frontier of synthesis: Flow chemistry

Chemical reaction engineering, process design and scale-up issues at the frontier of synthesis: Flow chemistry

The Use of Molecular Oxygen for Liquid Phase Aerobic Oxidations in Continuous Flow

Light on the Horizon: Current Research and Future Perspectives in Flow Photochemistry

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