Aerobic Threshold, Anaerobic Threshold, and Maximal Oxygen Uptake of Japanese Speed-Skaters*

Nemoto, Iku; Iwaoka, K.; Funato, Kazuo; Yoshioka, Norie; Miyashita, Masashi

doi:10.1055/s-2007-1025046

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Evidence for this statement might be deduced from a comparison of the mean test results with corresponding values reported for elite senior skaters. With respect to I702 .... the junior skaters appear to have fallen completely within the range of values found for senior skaters (Ingen Schenau et al 1983;Ingen Schenau and de Groot 1983a;Foster et al 1990) and were higher than those found for Japanese senior skaters (Nemoto et al 1988). For the sprint test we have found comparable values in senior male skaters (unpublished results) while the values of our junior men and women were significantly greater than those reported for American skaters (Foster et al 1990).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…kg-1. min -1 for the men and 50-60 ml.kg -1 -min -1 for the women (Ekblom et al 1967;Maksud et al 1970;Ingen Schenau et al 1983Nemoto et al 1988;Foster et al 1990). Their anaerobic power output as measured during 30-s supramaximal cycling has belonged to the highest recorded by any group of athletes (up to mean power outputs of 14 W.kg -1 for men and 12 W.kg -1 for women; Ingen Schenau et al 1988;Foster et al 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supramaximal cycle tests do not detect seasonal progression in performance in groups of elite speed skaters

Schenau

Bakker

Groot

et al. 1992

Europ. J. Appl. Physiol.

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Seven female and eight male elite junior skaters performed cycle ergometer tests at four different times during the 1987/1988 season. The tests consisted of a Wingate-type 30-s sprint test and a 2.5-min supramaximal test. The subjects were tested in February, May and September 1987 and in January 1988. Maximal oxygen consumption was measured during the 2.5-min test. With the exception of the maximal oxygen consumption of the women in May which was about 6% lower than in the other three tests, no seasonal changes in the test results could be observed--this, in spite of a distinct increase in training volume (from 10 to more than 20 h.week-1) and training intensity in the course of the season. When the test data were compared to those of elite senior skaters, it appeared that the junior skaters showed the same values for mean power output during the sprint test [14.2 (SD 0.4) W.kg-1 for the men and 12.6 (SD 0.5) W.kg-1 for the women] and maximal oxygen consumption [63.1 (SD 2.8) ml.kg-1.min-1 for the men and 55.3 (SD 3.5) ml.kg-1.min-1 for the women, respectively] as found for senior skaters. It seemed, therefore, that the effects of training in these skaters had already levelled off in the period before they participated in this investigation. In contrast to previous studies, no relationship could be shown between the test results and skating performance. This was most likely due to the homogenous character of the groups (mean standard deviations in power and oxygen consumption were only 5%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supramaximal cycle tests do not detect seasonal progression in performance in groups of elite speed skaters

Schenau

Bakker

Groot

et al. 1992

Europ. J. Appl. Physiol.

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“…It has been reported, as an index of the element of physical strength, that a significant correlation has been found between the maximum anaerobic ability and muscular strength for knee extension and competitive results in short distance events [1][2][3] . It has also been reported that there is a significant correlation between the maximum oxygen intake, which is the index of the maximum aerobic ability, and competitive results in long distance events 4) . In addition, when it comes to specific physical strength training methods, the fact that high altitude training and low oxygen training [5][6][7] are effective at not only improving aerobic ability but also anaerobic ability, has attracted attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Relationship between Balance Performance and Leg Muscle Strength in Elite and Non-Elite Junior Speed Skaters

et al. 2006

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between balance performance during one-leg and two-leg standing and leg muscular strength in junior speed skaters, and to formulate one indicator for on-land training. There were a total of 48 subjects comprising 22 junior elite and 26 junior non-elite speed skaters. The method involved analyzing the unit trajectory length (LNG/TIME), the peak value for center of gravity fluctuations (RMS) and the area where fluctuations in the center of gravity are concentrated (SD-A) in keeping one-leg and two-leg standing; and measuring the maximum isometric muscular strength for knee extension with a leg muscular strength measurement device, and thereby calculating a weight-bearing index (WBI). As far as the characteristics for the center of gravity were concerned, significantly lower values in the elite group compared with the non-elite group were exhibited for the peak center of gravity fluctuations (RMS) and the area in which fluctuations in the center of gravity were concentrated (SD-A). However, no significant differences were observed in the unit trajectory length (LNG/TIME). In addition, no significant differences between the groups were observed when the right leg was kept standing. The elite group exhibited significantly higher values in the weight-bearing index (WBI) compared with the non-elite group for both legs. With regards to the differences between the left and right leg WBI, the elite group exhibited significantly higher values for the left leg than the right leg, but no significant difference was observed between left and right in the non-elite group. Based on this, it is suggested that there is a need to carry out qualitative training for improving the ability to keep the left leg standing in a posture simulating skating, and to carry out quantitative training for increasing the muscle strength of knee extensors, in order to improve the competitiveness of junior speed skaters.

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“…van Ingen Schenau et al (1990) have shown that a fast acceleration (high initial power output) is crucial for the sprinting events (500 and 1000 m), while for the long distances the skaters should combine a fast but short‐lasting start with a constant power output following the start in order to minimize air frictional losses. The list of determinants of success in speed skating also includes the following factors: increased cross‐sectional area of quadriceps femoris muscles (Kanehisa et al 1996); optimal pacing strategy (Muehlbauer et al 2010; Hettinga et al 2011); anthropometric features (shorter legs and longer trunks; Sovak & Hawes, 1987); and increased aerobic capacity (Nemoto et al 1988).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The dependence of preferred competitive racing distance on muscle fibre type composition and ACTN3 genotype in speed skaters

Ahmetov

Druzhevskaya

Lyubaeva

et al. 2011

Experimental Physiology

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It is generally accepted that muscle fibre composition may influence physical performance. The α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene R577X polymorphism is suspected to be one of the contributing gene variations in the determination of muscle fibre type composition and athletic status. In the present study, we examined the dependence of average preferred racing distance (PRD) on muscle fibre type composition of the vastus lateralis muscle in 34 subelite Russian speed skaters (20 men and 14 women) who competed in races of different length (500-10,000 m). We also investigated the association between the ACTN3 polymorphism and muscle fibre characteristics in 94 subjects (60 physically active healthy men and 34 speed skaters), as well as the relationship between PRD and ACTN3 genotype in 115 subelite and elite speed skaters. In addition, ACTN3 genotype and allele frequencies of the 115 speed skaters were compared with 1301 control subjects. The ACTN3 XX genotype frequency was significantly lower in sprinters (n = 39) compared with control subjects (2.6 versus 14.5%; P = 0.034). We observed a positive relationship between PRD and the proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibres that was close to linear, but better fitted a logarithmic curve (r = 0.593, P < 0.0005). The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was associated with muscle fibre composition (slow-twitch fibres: RR genotype, 51.7 (12.8)%; RX, 57.4 (13.2)%; XX 61.5 (16.3)%; ρ = 0.215; P = 0.049) in the overall muscle biopsy group, and with PRD of all athletes (ρ = 0.24, P = 0.010), indicating that ACTN3 XX genotype carriers exhibit a higher proportion of slow-twitch fibres and prefer to skate long-distance races. However, the majority of the association between muscle fibre type and PRD was independent of ACTN3 genotype. In conclusion, the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is associated with preferred racing distance in speed skaters and muscle fibre type composition. Thus, it is probably partly via associations with fibre type that the R577X polymorphism contributes to a small but perhaps important component of the ability to perform at a high level in speed skating.

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Aerobic Threshold, Anaerobic Threshold, and Maximal Oxygen Uptake of Japanese Speed-Skaters*

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Supramaximal cycle tests do not detect seasonal progression in performance in groups of elite speed skaters

Supramaximal cycle tests do not detect seasonal progression in performance in groups of elite speed skaters

Relationship between Balance Performance and Leg Muscle Strength in Elite and Non-Elite Junior Speed Skaters

The dependence of preferred competitive racing distance on muscle fibre type composition and ACTN3 genotype in speed skaters

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