Aerobic training session length affects arterial elasticity

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine haemodynamic and arterial elasticity responses to aerobic exercise of varying durations. Methods Eighteen male subjects (age = 23Á4 AE 2Á0) performed a maximal aerobic fitness (VO 2max ) test. Participants met in the laboratory following an overnight fast for three randomly assigned sessions. Assessments for large and small arterial elasticity (SAE), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), total vascular impedance (TVI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), pulse pressure (PP) and cardiac ejection time (CET) were performed using applanation tonometry at the radial artery. Following baseline measurements, participants executed aerobic exercise on a treadmill at 65% of their respective VO 2max for 30, 45 or 60 min on three different occasions. Postexercise measurements were performed immediately, 10, 20 and 40 min postexercise cessation. Results The 60-min exercise bout resulted in significantly increased SAE values (P < 0Á04) and decreased SVR values (P < 0Á02) when compared with the 30min exercise bout. The 60-min session also caused significantly higher HR values and significantly lower values for SV and DBP values following exercise (P < 0Á04).Conclusions The results of this study emphasize that varying the length of moderateintensity aerobic exercise bouts affects arterial elasticity response and total vascular resistance.

Postexercise Arterial Compliance and Hemodynamic Responses to Various Durations and Intensities of Aerobic Exercise

“…The significant increases seen in SAE after the 60min session are similar to those reported by Karabulut et al (19) who investigated how arterial elasticity would respond to different lengths of an aerobic exercise session. They compared 30, 45, and 60 minutes of aerobic exercise at 65% V̇ o 2 max to see which protocol would elicit greater responses in arterial elasticity.…”

“…This training method requires shorter exercise durations (∼10–20 minutes) and lower intensities (20–50% of 1 repetition maximum or V̇ o 2 max) to elicit these improvements compared with recommended traditional training protocols. Because a recent finding suggested that a 60-minute bout of traditional aerobic exercise may be necessary to significantly improve small arterial health (19), and lack of time is one of the most common obstacles to engage in physical activity, it would be valuable to investigate the efficacy of BFR training on arterial elasticity. If BFR training shows comparable changes in the cardiovascular system to those seen after moderate- or vigorous-intensity and long-duration exercise, this alternative training approach with shorter session time may motivate many people to start engaging in regular physical activity.…”

Exercise duration: Independent effects on acute physiologic responses and the need for an individualized prescription

“…In contrast, exercise duration prescriptions via fixed absolute values, such as (20, 30, 45, 60, 90 min, etc. per session or per day), as usually applied in training practice and scientific studies (Diment et al, 2015 ; Karabulut et al, 2020 ; Myllymäki et al, 2012 ; Tremblay et al, 2005 ; Viru et al, 1996 ), may result in undesired and heterogeneous acute responses and training effects such as overreaching /overtraining or the nonresponder phenomenon (Lin et al, 2021 ; Ross et al, 2015 ), which makes it difficult or even impossible to compare studies. In addition, exercise with a too‐long total duration for a given intensity (near t max ) may lead to health risks, particularly in patients (Mezzani et al, 2010 , 2012 ).…”

“…Tremblay et al ( 2005 ) critically mentioned that only a little research tempting to isolate the effects of exercise duration has been done. Some studies showed an exercise duration dependency for manifold physiologic effects during and/or after exercise such as muscular micro RNA release that controls posttranscriptional gene expression (Ramos et al, 2018 ), hormone release (Tremblay et al, 2005 ; Viru, 1995 ; Viru et al, 1996 ), hemodynamic and arterial elasticity and total vascular resistance (Karabulut et al, 2020 ), nocturnal heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) (Myllymäki et al, 2012 ), excess postexercise oxygen consumption and metabolism (Bahr et al, 1987 ; Chad & Wenger, 1985 , 1988 ; Gore & Withers, 1990a , b ; Sedlock et al, 1989 ), as well as immune response (Diment et al, 2015 ).…”

The Evolution of Blood Flow Restricted Exercise

“…Many of the early studies used a single, acute bout of the exercise to explore various physiological responses and then imply that the lower intensity protocols used with blood flow restriction (20–30% 1RM) were as effective as high-intensity (80% 1RM) resistance exercise for gaining strength and promoting muscle hypertrophy. Training protocols using blood flow restriction are fairly limited and usually short in duration, normally lasting between 4 and 8weeks ( Clark et al, 2011 ; Cook et al, 2014 ; Conceição et al, 2018 ; Held et al, 2020 ; Karabulut et al, 2020 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ). Most often, training protocols use 3 training sessions per week with each session separated by 48h ( Clark et al, 2011 ; Held et al, 2020 ) but some designs use daily bouts of exercise (5 times per week) and some even use 2 bouts per day for 8 to 10 consecutive days ( Iida et al, 2006 ).…”