“…11 Among these materials, copper oxides (Cu 2 O and CuO), Cr 2 O 3 –Mn 2 O 3 , Y 2 CuO 4 –5CuO, and InBiS 3 –In 2 S 3 –Bi 2 S 3 have emerged as promising candidates owing to their non-toxic nature, affordability, and appropriate bandgap properties. 12–14 However, their performance as photocathodes in PEC water splitting is hampered by two key challenges: the gradual degradation of their photostability over time in the electrolyte and their constrained photocurrent generation capability. 10,15,16…”