Aerosol exposure of cattle to foot-and-mouth disease virus

McVicar, J. W.; Eisner, Robert J.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400060332

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The deposition during atmospheric transmission of aerosols depends on the size of the aerosols wherefore knowledge regarding the size distribution for the exhaled aerosols is required. In 1969 Sellers et al reported a distribution of the aerosol diameter with 65-71% larger than 6 μm, 19-24% between 3 and 6 μm and 10-11% smaller than 3 μm for pigs [71], and corresponding values of 50%, 25% and 25% for cattle [72]. The data for cattle was reported to have higher uncertainties than the data for pigs.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Multilevel model for airborne transmission of foot-and-mouth disease applied to Swedish livestock

2020

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The foot-and-mouth disease is an ever-present hazard to the livestock industry due to the huge economic consequences following an outbreak that necessitates culling of possibly infected animals in vast numbers. The disease is highly contagious and previous epizootics have shown that it spreads by many routes. One such route is airborne transmission, which has been investigated in this study by means of a detailed multilevel model that includes all scales of an outbreak. Local spread within an infected farm is described by a stochastic compartment model while the spread between farms is quantified by atmospheric dispersion simulations using a network representation of the set of farms. The model was applied to the Swedish livestock industry and the risk for an epizootic outbreak in Sweden was estimated using the basic reproduction number of each individual livestock-holding farm as the endpoint metric. The study was based on comprehensive official data sets for both the current livestock holdings and regional meteorological conditions. Three species of farm animals are susceptible to the disease and are present in large numbers: cattle, pigs and sheep. These species are all included in this study using their individual responses and consequences to the disease. It was concluded that some parts of southern Sweden are indeed preconditioned to harbor an airborne epizootic, while the sparse farm population of the north renders such events unlikely to occur there. The distribution of the basic reproduction number spans over several orders of magnitudes with low risk of disease spread from the majority of the farms while some farms may act as very strong disease transmitters. The results may serve as basic data in the planning of the national preparedness for this type of events.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Multilevel model for airborne transmission of foot-and-mouth disease applied to Swedish livestock

2020

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“…Distinct primary viraemia has been identified in the pathogenesis of morbilliviruses (Auwaerter et al., 1999; von Messling et al., 2004) and herpesviruses (Cohen, et al, 2007). There are sporadic reports of detection of transient, low titre (trace) viraemia in cattle following contact infection or exposure to FMDV aerosols (Hofner, 1995; McVicar and Eisner, 1983; Sutmoller and McVicar, 1976b). Additionally, in calves exposed to aerosolized virus, the detection of FMDV RNA in pedal and oral epithelia at six hpi, before the onset of ‘true’ viraemia and clinical signs is best explained by haematogenous spread (Brown et al., 1992).…”

Section: Pre‐viraemia and Primary Sites Of Infection In Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease I: Viral Pathways in Cattle

Arzt

Juleff

Zhang

et al. 2011

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

200

185

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In 1898, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) earned a place in history as the first disease of animals shown to be caused by a virus. Yet, despite over a century of active investigation and elucidation of many aspects of FMD pathogenesis, critical knowledge about the virus-host interactions is still lacking. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of FMD pathogenesis in cattle spanning from the earliest studies to recently acquired insights emphasizing works which describe animals infected by methodologies most closely resembling natural infection (predominantly aerosol or direct/indirect contact). The three basic phases of FMD pathogenesis in vivo will be dissected and characterized as: (i) pre-viraemia characterized by infection and replication at the primary replication site(s), (ii) sustained viraemia with generalization and vesiculation at secondary infection sites and (iii) post-viraemia/convalescence including resolution of clinical disease that may result in long-term persistent infection. Critical evaluation of the current status of understanding will be used to identify knowledge gaps to guide future research efforts.

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“…Such systems allow precise control of timing and dosage of the virus challenge while preserving the natural engagement of the mucosal immune system and reducing the numbers of study-animals required. For cattle, FMDV inoculation by a natural (aerogenous) route has been demonstrated by delivery of naturally generated aerosol using an improvised apparatus (Donaldson et al, 1987), artificially generated aerosol using improvised apparatus (Brown et al, 1992;Brown et al, 1996;Donaldson et al, 1987;McVicar and Eisner, 1983), artificially generated aerosol using standardized apparatus (Arzt et al, 2010a;, or by virus-moistened gauze deposition on the nasal planum (Korn, 1957). Other investigators have inoculated FMDV using an intranasal delivery system developed for use in humans or deposition of virus suspension using tubing with a length of 5 cm (Sutmoller et al, 1968) or 10 cm (Graves et al, 1971;McVicar et al, 1970).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle Following Intranasopharyngeal Inoculation or Contact Exposure

Pacheco

Stenfeldt

Rodrı́guez

et al. 2016

Journal of Comparative Pathology

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For the purpose of developing an improved experimental model for studies of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in cattle, three different experimental systems based on natural or simulated natural virus exposure were compared under standardized experimental conditions. Ante-mortem infection dynamics were characterized in cattle exposed to FMDV through a novel, simulated natural intranasopharyngeal (INP) inoculation system or through standardized and controlled systems of within- or between-species direct contact exposure (cattle-to-cattle or pig-to-cattle). All three systems were efficient in causing synchronous, generalized foot-and-mouth disease in cattle exposed to one of three different strains of FMDV representing serotypes O, A and Asia1. There was more within-group variation in the timing of clinical infection following natural and simulated natural virus exposure systems when compared with the conventionally used system of needle inoculation (intraepithelial lingual inoculation). However, the three optimized exposure systems described herein have the advantage of closely simulating field conditions by utilizing natural routes of primary infection, thereby facilitating engagement of mucosal host defence mechanisms. Overall, it is concluded that INP inoculation and standardized systems of direct contact exposure provide effective alternatives to conventional (needle) inoculation systems for studies in which it is desirable to simulate the natural biology of FMDV infection.

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Aerosol exposure of cattle to foot-and-mouth disease virus

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

Multilevel model for airborne transmission of foot-and-mouth disease applied to Swedish livestock

Multilevel model for airborne transmission of foot-and-mouth disease applied to Swedish livestock

The Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease I: Viral Pathways in Cattle

Infection Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle Following Intranasopharyngeal Inoculation or Contact Exposure

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