Aerosol mass closure and reconstruction of the light scattering coefficient over the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the MINOS campaign

Abstract

Abstract. As part of the Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study (MINOS) performed during August 2001 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, intensive measurements of chemical and radiative properties of atmospheric aerosols were performed at two remote sites on Crete Island, located in the marine boundary layer (MBL), and in the lower free troposphere (FT), respectively. Gravimetric particulate mass, as well as chemically-derived masses of water soluble ions, organic and elemental carbon, and tracer elements for dust aerosols were measured for fine (<1.2 µm) and coarse (>1.2 µm) particles at the two sampling sites. Although strongly bound water, mainly associated with inorganic species, could have slightly altered our results (10% of the reconstructed mass), chemical mass closure was achieved most of the time for the fine and coarse size fractions and at both sites. Our conversion factor of 2.1 for organic carbon (OC) to particulate organic matter (POM) is at the upper end of those reported in the literature, but fits with the aged smoke particles collected during the campaign. The results indicate that this conversion factor changed during the campaign along with the BC/TC ratio. The particulate mass (PM) concentration for fine aerosols at the MBL and FT sites averaged 17.4±4.7 µg/m3 and 11.2±3.2 µg/m3, respectively, and is among the highest reported in the literature for remote sites; more than 90% of this PM was composed equally of ammonium sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols. Comparison between the MBL and FT sites showed a slight vertical gradient for PM that was not observed for dust aerosols, which averaged 10.5±4.8 and 11.7±5.0 µg/m3 for the MBL and FT sites, respectively. The results were used to reconstruct the ambient light scattering coefficient (σsp) that was measured at ambient Relative Humidity (RH) for fine particles at the MBL site. Reconstruction of σsp was achieved using ratios of wet to dry scattering, f(RH), that depend on RH for ammonium sulfate, but are kept equal to 1 for POM. This results in a low water adsorption for our organic-rich carbonaceous aerosols, although these aged biomass smoke aerosols are supposed to be highly oxidized. Mass scattering efficiencies of the main aerosol components were obtained by multivariate regression analysis, and were 2.66 and 4.19 m2/g (at the 95% confidence level) for dry ammonium sulfate and POM, respectively. The calculations indicate that one third of the reconstructed σsp was due to water uptake by ammonium sulfate aerosols, demonstrating their major role in the radiative aerosol properties in the eastern Mediterranean.

Changes in visibility with PM2.5 composition and relative humidity at a background site in the Pearl River Delta region

“…MSE for OM in this study was comparable with those previously reported in fall-winter in China, for example 6.2 m 2 /g in Guangzhou (Tao et al, 2014b) and 6.3 m 2 /g in Shanghai (Cheng et al, 2014), but higher than these previously reported in the summer, such as 4.9 m 2 /g in Guangzhou (Jung et al, 2009) and 4.2 m 2 /g in the Mediterranean (Sciare et al, 2005), and twice as high as the average of 3.1 m 2 /g derived by MLR in the review by Hand and Malm (2007). Our MSE values for AS and AN were comparable with those of 2.8 m 2 /g by Hand and Malm (2007) and 2.4 m 2 /g by Jung et al (2009), but much lower than those of 3.5 m 2 /g for AS and 4.3 m 2 /g for AN by Cheng et al (2014), and 5.3 m 2 /g for AS and 5.5 m 2 /g for AN by Tao et al (2014b).…”

Parisfog

“…Samples were collected within two size fractions [fine mode with aerodynamic diameter (AD) < 2 µm and coarse mode with AD > 2 µm]. Mass concentration [particulate matter (PM)] determined by gravimetric measurements and chemical analyses of the major aerosol components (ions, carbon, crustals) were performed in these two size fractions using the sampling and analytical protocols reported by Sciare et al (2005). Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate were shown to represent on average 50% of PM in the fine mode, the rest being composed of carbonaceous material (black carbon and organic matter) for approximately 40% and sea salt and crustal material for less than 10%.…”

Importance of mineral cations and organics in gas-aerosol partitioning of reactive nitrogen compounds: case study based on MINOS results

“…The 50% cut-point diameter (D50) of the 8 µm pore size filter was estimated to be of the order of 1.2±0.1 µm E.A.D. More details can be found in Sciare et al (2005).…”

“…For instance nss-SO 2− 4 is mainly present in the aerosol fine mode in contrast to aerosol nitrate, which is confined to coarse mode particles. For a further discussion of the measurements, we refer to Salisbury et al (2003), and Sciare et al (2005). In the following we focus on the gas-aerosol partitioning modeling of reactive nitrogen compounds.…”

“…The major mineral cations (Na + from sea salt aerosols, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ) are present in the coarse mode (more than 95% of the total concentration) which indicates their natural origin. The major mineral cation present in the fine mode is, besides NH + 4 , pyrogenic potassium K + (more than 70% of the total concentration; Sciare et al, 2005).…”