Aerosol Particle and Black Carbon Emission Factors of Vehicular Fleet in Manila, Philippines

Madueño, Leizel; Kecorius, Simonas; Birmili, W.; Müller, Thomas; Simpas, James Bernard; Vallar, Edgar; Galvez, Maria Cecilia; Cayetano, Mylene G.; Wiedensohler, Alfred

doi:10.3390/atmos10100603

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The source factor names were determined based on the enhancement of the following species ( Fig. 4): (i) crustal (Al, Ti) (Harrison et al, 2011;Malm et al, 1994;Singh et al, 2002); (ii) biomass burning (K, Rb) (Andreae, 1983;Artaxo et al, 1994;Braun et al, 2020;Chow et al, 2004;Echalar et al, 1995;Ma et al, 2019;Schlosser et al, 2017;Thepnuan et al, 2019;Yamasoe et al, 2000); (iii) sea salt (Na, Cl) (Seinfeld and Pandis, 2016); (iv) combustion (V, Ni, As) (Allen et al, 2001;Linak et al, 2000;Mahowald et al, 2008;Mooibroek et al, 2011;Prabhakar et al, 2014;Wasson et al, 2005); and (v) waste processing (Cd, Pb) (Cruz et al, 2019;Gullett et al, 2007;Iijima et al, 2007;Pabroa et al, 2011). While both SO 2− 4 and NO − 3 are secondarily produced, the latter is more commonly linked to supermicrometer particles (Allen et al, 1996;Dasgupta et al, 2007;Fitzgerald, 1991;Maudlin et al, 2015), including in the study region (Cruz et al, 2019).…”

Section: Source Apportionmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and characteristics of size-resolved particulate organic acids and methanesulfonate in a coastal megacity: Manila, Philippines

et al. 2020

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Abstract. A 16-month (July 2018–October 2019) dataset of size-resolved aerosol composition is used to examine the sources and characteristics of five organic acids (oxalate, succinate, adipate, maleate, phthalate) and methanesulfonate (MSA) in Metro Manila, Philippines. As one of the most polluted megacities globally, Metro Manila offers a view of how diverse sources and meteorology impact the relative amounts and size distributions of these species. A total of 66 sample sets were collected with a Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI), of which 54 sets were analyzed for composition. Organic acids and MSA surprisingly were less abundant than in other global regions that are also densely populated. The combined species accounted for an average of 0.80 ± 0.66 % of total gravimetric mass between 0.056 and 18 µm, still leaving 33.74 % of mass unaccounted for after considering black carbon and water-soluble ions and elements. The unresolved mass is suggested to consist of non-water-soluble metals as well as both water-soluble and non-water-soluble organics. Oxalate was approximately an order of magnitude more abundant than the other five species (149 ± 94 ng m−3 versus others being < 10 ng m−3) across the 0.056–18 µm size range. Both positive matrix factorization (PMF) and correlation analysis are conducted with tracer species to investigate the possible sources of organic acids and MSA. Enhanced biomass burning influence in the 2018 southwest monsoon resulted in especially high levels of submicrometer succinate, MSA, oxalate, and phthalate. Peculiarly, MSA had negligible contributions from marine sources but instead was linked to biomass burning and combustion. Enhanced precipitation during the two monsoon seasons (8 June–4 October 2018 and 14 June–7 October 2019) coincided with a stronger influence from local emissions rather than long-range transport, leading to notable concentration enhancements in both the sub- and supermicrometer ranges for some species (e.g., maleate and phthalate). While secondary formation via gas-to-particle conversion is consistent with submicrometer peaks for the organic acids and MSA, several species (i.e., phthalate, adipate, succinate, oxalate) exhibited a prominent peak in the coarse mode, largely owing to their association with crustal emissions (i.e., more alkaline aerosol type) rather than sea salt. Oxalate's strong association with sulfate in the submicrometer mode supports an aqueous-phase formation pathway for the study region. However, high concentrations during periods of low rain and high solar radiation suggest photo-oxidation is an important formation pathway.

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Section: Source Apportionmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and characteristics of size-resolved particulate organic acids and methanesulfonate in a coastal megacity: Manila, Philippines

et al. 2020

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“…Here, the main source of eBC particles is traffic due to the lenient regulation of vehicular emissions and high volume of vehicles. For more information on MACE-2015, the readers are directed to the following publications (Kecorius et al, 2017;Alas et al, 2018;Kecorius et al, 2018;Kecorius et al, 2019;Madueño et al, 2019). Reference instruments were set-up permanently (for the duration of the experiment) inside a building within an urban background area (university campus).…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of microAethalometers: Real-world Field Intercomparisons from Multiple Mobile Measurement Campaigns in Different Atmospheric Environments

Alas¹,

Müller²,

Weinhold³

et al. 2020

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Small aethalometers are frequently used to measure equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations in the context of personal exposure and air pollution mapping through mobile measurements (MM). The most widely used is the microAethalometer (AE51). Its performance in the laboratory and field is well documented, however, there is not sufficient data in the context of its performance in different environments. In this investigation, we present the characterization of the performance of the AE51 through field unit-to-unit intercomparisons (IC), and against a reference absorption photometer from three MM campaigns conducted in drastically different environments. Five IC parameters were considered: i) study area, ii) location of IC, iii) time of day, iv) duration of IC, and v) correction for the filter-loading effect. We can conclude that it is crucial where and how long the IC have been performed in terms of the correlation between the mobile and reference instruments. Better correlations (R 2 > 0.8, slope = 0.8) are achieved for IC performed in rural, and background areas for more than 10 minutes. In locations with more homogenous atmosphere, the correction of the loading effect improved the correlation between the mobile and reference instruments. In addition, a newer microAethalometer model (MA200) was characterized in the field under extreme cold conditions and correlated against another MA200 (R 2 > 0.8, slope ≈ 1.0), AE51(R 2 > 0.9, slope ≈ 0.9), and a stationary Aethalometer (AE33) across all wavelengths (R 2 > 0.8, slope ≈ 0.7). For MA200, the loading effect was more pronounced, especially at the lower wavelengths, hence the correction of the loading effect is essential to improve the correlation against the AE33. The MA200 and AE51 proved to be robust and dependable portable instruments for MM applications. Real-world quality assurance of these instruments should be performed through field IC against reference instruments with longer durations in areas of slowly changing eBC concentration.

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“…It has been found that annual anthropogenic BC emissions increased from 6.6 to 7.2 Tg during 2000-2010 (Klimont et al, 2017). Moreover, due to rapid urbanization in many developing regions like China, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, the total aerosol mass constitutes a significantly large portion of BC (Kumar et al, 2018;Bond et al, 2007;Wiedensohler et al, 2018;Madueño et al, 2019Madueño et al, , 2020. In addition to the warming effect, BC also decreases snow albedo (Doherty et al, 2010), causes adverse health effects (Janssen et al, 2011), and lowers visibility (Wang et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical properties of coated black carbon aggregates: numerical simulations, radiative forcing estimates, and size-resolved parameterization scheme

et al. 2021

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Abstract. The formation of black carbon fractal aggregates (BCFAs) from combustion and subsequent ageing involves several stages resulting in modifications of particle size, morphology, and composition over time. To understand and quantify how each of these modifications influences the BC radiative forcing, the optical properties of BCFAs are modelled. Owing to the high computational time involved in numerical modelling, there are some gaps in terms of data coverage and knowledge regarding how optical properties of coated BCFAs vary over the range of different factors (size, shape, and composition). This investigation bridged those gaps by following a state-of-the-art description scheme of BCFAs based on morphology, composition, and wavelength. The BCFA optical properties were investigated as a function of the radius of the primary particle (ao), fractal dimension (Df), fraction of organics (forganics), wavelength (λ), and mobility diameter (Dmob). The optical properties are calculated using the multiple-sphere T-matrix (MSTM) method. For the first time, the modelled optical properties of BC are expressed in terms of mobility diameter (Dmob), making the results more relevant and relatable for ambient and laboratory BC studies. Amongst size, morphology, and composition, all the optical properties showed the highest variability with changing size. The cross sections varied from 0.0001 to 0.1 µm2 for BCFA Dmob ranging from 24 to 810 nm. It has been shown that MACBC and single-scattering albedo (SSA) are sensitive to morphology, especially for larger particles with Dmob > 100 nm. Therefore, while using the simplified core–shell representation of BC in global models, the influence of morphology on radiative forcing estimations might not be adequately considered. The Ångström absorption exponent (AAE) varied from 1.06 up to 3.6 and increased with the fraction of organics (forganics). Measurement results of AAE ≫ 1 are often misinterpreted as biomass burning aerosol, it was observed that the AAE of purely black carbon particles can be ≫ 1 in the case of larger BC particles. The values of the absorption enhancement factor (Eλ) via coating were found to be between 1.01 and 3.28 in the visible spectrum. The Eλ was derived from Mie calculations for coated volume equivalent spheres and from MSTM for coated BCFAs. Mie-calculated enhancement factors were found to be larger by a factor of 1.1 to 1.5 than their corresponding values calculated from the MSTM method. It is shown that radiative forcings are highly sensitive to modifications in morphology and composition. The black carbon radiative forcing ΔFTOA (W m−2) decreases up to 61 % as the BCFA becomes more compact, indicating that global model calculations should account for changes in morphology. A decrease of more than 50 % in ΔFTOA was observed as the organic content of the particle increased up to 90 %. The changes in the ageing factors (composition and morphology) in tandem result in an overall decrease in the ΔFTOA. A parameterization scheme for optical properties of BC fractal aggregates was developed, which is applicable for modelling, ambient, and laboratory-based BC studies. The parameterization scheme for the cross sections (extinction, absorption, and scattering), single-scattering albedo (SSA), and asymmetry parameter (g) of pure and coated BCFAs as a function of Dmob were derived from tabulated results of the MSTM method. Spanning an extensive parameter space, the developed parameterization scheme showed promisingly high accuracy up to 98 % for the cross sections, 97 % for single-scattering albedos (SSAs), and 82 % for the asymmetry parameter (g).

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Aerosol Particle and Black Carbon Emission Factors of Vehicular Fleet in Manila, Philippines

Cited by 24 publications

References 48 publications

Sources and characteristics of size-resolved particulate organic acids and methanesulfonate in a coastal megacity: Manila, Philippines

Sources and characteristics of size-resolved particulate organic acids and methanesulfonate in a coastal megacity: Manila, Philippines

Performance of microAethalometers: Real-world Field Intercomparisons from Multiple Mobile Measurement Campaigns in Different Atmospheric Environments

Optical properties of coated black carbon aggregates: numerical simulations, radiative forcing estimates, and size-resolved parameterization scheme

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