Aerosol processes in high-latitude environments and the effects on climate

Ekman, Annica M. L.; Schmale, Julia

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819766-0.00005-5

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 265 publications

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“…Snow blown from the surface of sea ice has been shown to be a source of sea salt aerosol (Yang et al, 2008), lifetimes on the order of weeks or months as a result of the dry and stable conditions leading to weak aerosol scavenging (Carslaw, 2022). Coupled to this, we know that transport into the Arctic over the winter months leads to the build up of pollution, dominantly from Eurasian sources that gives rise to the phenomenon of Arctic haze (Shaw, 1995;Stohl, 2006;Ekman and Schmale, 2022). While the anthropogenic component of Arctic haze has received substantial attention, it is also well-know than other mid-and low-latitude aerosol are transported into the Arctic along with this pollution aerosol, such as mineral dust from the African and Asian deserts (Rahn et al, 1977;Shi et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussion Of Potential Inp Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High ice-nucleating particle concentrations associated with Arctic haze in springtime cold-air outbreaks

Raif,

Barr,

Tarn

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Abstract. The global variation of ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentrations is an important modulator of the cloud-phase feedback, where the albedo of mixed-phase clouds increases in a warming climate. Shallow clouds such as those observed in cold-air outbreaks (CAOs) are particularly important for cloud-phase feedbacks and highly sensitive to INPs. To investigate the sources and concentrations of INPs in CAOs, we made airborne measurements over the Norwegian and Barents seas as part of the March 2022 Arctic Cold-Air Outbreak (ACAO) field campaign. Aerosol samples were collected on filters at locations above, below and upwind of CAO cloud decks. Throughout the campaign, INP concentrations were comparable to the highest previously observed in the Arctic. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of samples taken upwind of cloud decks showed that super-micron aerosol was dominated by mineral dusts. Analysis of aerosol particle size measurements to obtain an INP active site density suggested sea spray was unlikely to be the dominant INP type. These site densities were also too great for mineral components alone to be the dominant INP type above -20 °C. Accordingly, it is likely that the dominant INP type was mineral dust mixed with other ice nucleating materials, possibly of biogenic origin. Back-trajectory analysis and meteorological conditions suggested a lack of local INP sources. We therefore hypothesise that the high INP concentration is most likely to be associated with aged aerosol in Arctic haze that has undergone long-range transport from lower latitude regions.

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Section: Discussion Of Potential Inp Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High ice-nucleating particle concentrations associated with Arctic haze in springtime cold-air outbreaks

Raif,

Barr,

Tarn

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…There are some differences regarding the relevance of INPs in the Arctic and Antarctic polar regions. While in both polar latitudes the absolute concentrations of INPs are low, the influence of anthropogenic aerosols and INPs is much larger in the Arctic due to long-range transport during the Arctic winter (Šantl-Temkiv et al, 2019(Šantl-Temkiv et al, , 2020Ekman and Schmale, 2022). During the Arctic summer, aerosol lifetimes are shorter due to increased wet removal preventing longrange transport and thus increasing the importance of locally emitted INPs (Ekman and Schmale, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While in both polar latitudes the absolute concentrations of INPs are low, the influence of anthropogenic aerosols and INPs is much larger in the Arctic due to long-range transport during the Arctic winter (Šantl-Temkiv et al, 2019(Šantl-Temkiv et al, , 2020Ekman and Schmale, 2022). During the Arctic summer, aerosol lifetimes are shorter due to increased wet removal preventing longrange transport and thus increasing the importance of locally emitted INPs (Ekman and Schmale, 2022). In the Antarctic, the influence of anthropogenic aerosols and INPs is generally much smaller (Stohl and Sodemann, 2010;Ekman and Schmale, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the Arctic summer, aerosol lifetimes are shorter due to increased wet removal preventing longrange transport and thus increasing the importance of locally emitted INPs (Ekman and Schmale, 2022). In the Antarctic, the influence of anthropogenic aerosols and INPs is generally much smaller (Stohl and Sodemann, 2010;Ekman and Schmale, 2022). During winter, blowing snow from the sea ice is the main aerosol source in the southern polar region, while dimethyl sulfide and other organic compounds from algae blooms are the main source during summer (Ekman and Schmale, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Antarctic, the influence of anthropogenic aerosols and INPs is generally much smaller (Stohl and Sodemann, 2010;Ekman and Schmale, 2022). During winter, blowing snow from the sea ice is the main aerosol source in the southern polar region, while dimethyl sulfide and other organic compounds from algae blooms are the main source during summer (Ekman and Schmale, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ice nucleating properties of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its exudates

Eickhoff

Bayer‐Giraldi²,

Reicher

et al. 2023

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. In this study, we investigated the ice nucleation activity of the Antarctic sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. Diatoms are the main primary producers of organic carbon in the Southern Ocean, and the Antarctic sea ice diatom F. cylindrus is one of the predominant species. This psychrophilic diatom is abundant in open waters and within sea ice. It has developed several mechanisms to cope with the extreme conditions of its environment, for example, the production of ice-binding proteins (IBPs) and extracellular polymeric substances known to alter the structure of ice. Here, we investigated the ice nucleation activity of F. cylindrus using a microfluidic device containing individual sub-nanolitre (∼90 µm) droplet samples. The experimental method and a newly implemented Poisson-statistics-based data evaluation procedure applicable to samples with low ice nucleating particle concentrations were validated by comparative ice nucleation experiments with well-investigated bacterial samples from Pseudomonas syringae (Snomax®). The experiments reveal an increase of up to 7.2 ∘C in the ice nucleation temperatures for seawater containing F. cylindrus diatoms when compared to pure seawater. Moreover, F. cylindrus fragments also show ice nucleation activity, while experiments with the F. cylindrus ice-binding protein (fcIBP) show no significant ice nucleation activity. A comparison with experimental results from other diatoms suggests a universal behaviour of polar sea ice diatoms, and we provide a diatom-mass-based parameterization of their ice nucleation activity for use in models.

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Effects of aerosol emission changes on sea ice concentration and thickness in the Russian Arctic during the 2020 lockdown

Panicker,

Vachharajani,

Srivastava

2023

Journal of Water and Climate Change

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During the COVID-19 lockdown, large industries in the Russian Arctic region were closed for 2 months, leading to a significant reduction in anthropogenic aerosol emissions. This decline in aerosols resulted in a decrease in the human-made aerosol cooling effect. The strict lockdown measures implemented after 18 March 2020 caused a drastic downward fall in considered aerosols. Consequently, there was an impact on air temperature, with temperature differences exceeding 3 K in November and February, while clear-sky top net solar flux values were greater than 13 W m−2. Throughout the lockdown period, the Russian Arctic's annual area average sea ice concentration was 7.72% in 2019 and 7.64% in 2020. The decrease in radiation-scattering pollutants contributed to an increase in global warming. Some pollutants, like sulfur, carbon dioxide, and methane, produced a cooling effect by mitigating greenhouse gases, which could affect the speed of sea ice melt. However, due to the short duration of the pandemic, it remains challenging to determine whether the aerosol changes accelerated or decelerated the sea ice melting process.

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Aerosol processes in high-latitude environments and the effects on climate

Cited by 6 publications

References 265 publications

High ice-nucleating particle concentrations associated with Arctic haze in springtime cold-air outbreaks

High ice-nucleating particle concentrations associated with Arctic haze in springtime cold-air outbreaks

Ice nucleating properties of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its exudates

Effects of aerosol emission changes on sea ice concentration and thickness in the Russian Arctic during the 2020 lockdown

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