Aerosolized Enteric Bacteria and Viruses Generated by Spray Irrigation of Wastewater*

Shuval, Hillel I.; Guttman-Bass, N.; Applebaum, J.; Fattal, B.

doi:10.2166/wst.1989.0090

Cited by 28 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…These glacier clone sequences closely cluster with those from cold environments such as sea ice, Antarctic soil and other snow-ice (Xiang et al, 2005;Zhang et al, 2009). Microorganisms are transported from outside environments onto the glacier surface and trapped in the ice (Gloster et al, 1982;Shuval et al, 1989;Prospero et al, 2005). Microorganisms present in ice may be in dormant, representing a viable but metabolically inactive state.…”

Section: Ubiquity and Biogeography Of Bacteria In Glacier Icementioning

confidence: 80%

Differences in community composition of bacteria in four glaciers in western China

Chen

Xiang

et al. 2010

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. Microbial community patterns vary in glaciers worldwide, presenting unique responses to global climatic and environmental changes. Four bacterial clone libraries were established by 16S rRNA gene amplification from four ice layers along the 42-m-long ice core MuztB drilled from the Muztag Ata Glacier. A total of 151 bacterial sequences obtained from the ice core MuztB were phylogenetically compared with the 71 previously reported sequences from three ice cores extracted from ice caps Malan, Dunde, and Puruogangri. Six phylogenetic clusters Flavisolibacter, Flexibacter (Bacteroidetes), Acinetobacter, Enterobacter (Gammaproteobacteria), Planococcus/Anoxybacillus (Firmicutes), and Propionibacter/Luteococcus (Actinobacteria) frequently occurred along the Muztag Ata Glacier profile, and their proportion varied by seasons. Sequence analysis showed that most of the sequences from the ice core clustered with those from cold environments, and the sequence clusters from the same glacier more closely grouped together than those from the geographically isolated glaciers. Moreover, bacterial communities from the same location or similarlyCorrespondence to: S.-R. Xiang (srxiang@ns.lzb.ac.cn) aged ice formed a cluster, and were clearly separate from those from other geographically isolated glaciers. In summary, the findings provide preliminary evidence of zonal distribution of microbial community, and suggest biogeography of microorganisms in glacier ice.

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Section: Ubiquity and Biogeography Of Bacteria In Glacier Icementioning

confidence: 80%

Differences in community composition of bacteria in four glaciers in western China

Chen

Xiang

et al. 2010

Biogeosciences

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“…Various distances over which aerosols can be transported are reported in the literature: for example, 40 to 100 m downwind of irrigated fields (Teltsh & Katsenelson 1978) to 730 m downwind (Shuval et al 1989, cit. Schwartzbrod 1995.…”

Section: Sampling Occasionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy forest irrigated with wastewater: a comparative microbial risk assessment

Carlander

Schönning

Stenström

2009

Journal of Water and Health

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In this study, risks for human infection associated with irrigation of municipal wastewater on short rotation willow coppice (Salix) were evaluated in three countries. The aim was also to determine the reduction of indicator organisms and pathogens in the treatment plants.Two of the field sites were chosen for further evaluation by QMRA (quantitative microbial risk assessment) applied to three scenarios: accidental ingestions of wastewater, exposure to aerosols and ingestion of groundwater. The risks of infection for bacteria (Salmonella), virus (rotavirus) and protozoa (Giardia, Cryptosporidium) were characterised as probability of infections per exposure and number of infections per year.The highest risk for infection was associated with exposure to rotavirus in Culmore ). The risk for Giardia infection differed between the two sites due to differences in concentration of this pathogen in the wastewater. The groundwater was found to have suffered faecal contamination due to the wastewater irrigation. Use of partially treated wastewater for irrigation of energy crops could be a sustainable option if site-specific recommendations are developed.

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“…They clearly affect the frequency and duration of 'wet/dry' cycles on a glacier. They directly control the processes in the glacial system through dry/wet deposition cycles, sustain the mass balance of the glacier through addition of snow (Hodson, 2006), and alter the flux of microorganisms into the glacier by microbial transportation from outside environments (Gloster et al, 1982;Shuval et al, 1989;Catranis & Starmer, 1991;Abyzov, 1993;Ma et al, 2000;Prospero et al, 2005;Price et al, 2008). However, the relationship of microorganisms in the glacier to global climatic and environmental changes is not well known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deposition and postdeposition mechanisms as possible drivers of microbial population variability in glacier ice

Xiang

Shang

Chen

et al. 2009

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

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Glaciers accumulate airborne microorganisms year by year and thus are good archives of microbial communities and their relationship to climatic and environmental changes. Hypotheses have focused on two possible drivers of microbial community composition in glacier systems. One is aeolian deposition, in which the microbial load by aerosol, dust, and precipitation events directly determines the amount and composition of microbial species in glacier ice. The other is postdepositional selection, in which the metabolic activity in surface snow causes microbial community shifts in glacier ice. An additional possibility is that both processes occur simultaneously. Aeolian deposition initially establishes a microbial community in the ice, whereas postdeposition selection strengthens the deposition patterns of microorganisms with the development of tolerant species in surface snow, resulting in varying structures of microbial communities with depth. In this minireview, we examine these postulations through an analysis of physical-chemical and biological parameters from the Malan and Vostok ice cores, and the Kuytun 51 Glacial surface and deep snow. We discuss these and other recent results in the context of the hypothesized mechanisms driving microbial community succession in glaciers. We explore our current gaps in knowledge and point out future directions for research on microorganisms in glacial ecosystems.

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Aerosolized Enteric Bacteria and Viruses Generated by Spray Irrigation of Wastewater*

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Differences in community composition of bacteria in four glaciers in western China

Differences in community composition of bacteria in four glaciers in western China

Energy forest irrigated with wastewater: a comparative microbial risk assessment

Deposition and postdeposition mechanisms as possible drivers of microbial population variability in glacier ice

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