Aerotoxic syndrome: A new occupational disease caused by contaminated cabin air?

Hageman, G.; Ross, Sarah J.; Nihom, Jik; Laan, Gerard van der

doi:10.1016/bs.ant.2022.04.001

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…Furthermore, evaluation of the toxicological properties of jet oil UFPs should be conducted to assess their health effects, also considering detrimental and potentially neurotoxic substances that are either directly emitted (e.g. organophosphates as lubrication oil additives 58,59 ), or which are formed through thermal transformation of the utilised trimethylolpropane esters (e.g. trimethlyolpropane phosphate) 26,60 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleation of jet engine oil vapours is a large source of aviation-related ultrafine particles

Ungeheuer

Caudillo

Ditas

et al. 2022

Commun Earth Environ

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Large airports are a major source of ultrafine particles, which spread across densely populated residential areas, affecting air quality and human health. Jet engine lubrication oils are detectable in aviation-related ultrafine particles, however, their role in particle formation and growth remains unclear. Here we show the volatility and new-particle-formation ability of a common synthetic jet oil, and the quantified oil fraction in ambient ultrafine particles downwind of Frankfurt International Airport, Germany. We find that the oil mass fraction is largest in the smallest particles (10-18 nm) with 21% on average. Combining ambient particle-phase concentration and volatility of the jet oil compounds, we determine a lower-limit saturation ratio larger than 1 × 105 for ultra-low volatility organic compounds. This indicates that the oil is an efficient nucleation agent. Our results demonstrate that jet oil nucleation is an important mechanism that can explain the abundant observations of high number concentrations of non-refractory ultrafine particles near airports.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleation of jet engine oil vapours is a large source of aviation-related ultrafine particles

Ungeheuer

Caudillo

Ditas

et al. 2022

Commun Earth Environ

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“…This test accounts for toxicological effects on the bacterial energy metabolism like narcosis, uncoupling and electrophilicity-based effects Brack, 2003). In contrast the more specific AChEinhibition assay accounts for neurotoxic effects induced by for example organophosphates (Hageman et al, 2022). Nevertheless, in vitro bioassays of PM extracts only provide indications of the toxicity of the entire substance mixture, which cannot be traced back to individual substances.…”

Section: Occurrence and In Vitro Toxicity Of Organic Compounds In Urb...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characterization and source attribution of aviation-related ultrafine particles

Ungeheuer¹

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Large international airports were identified as sources of ultrafine particles (UFPs) (Hu et al., 2009; Yu et al., 2012; Hsu et al., 2013; Keuken et al., 2015; Hudda and Fruin, 2016). Since September 2017 UFP emissions originating from the Frankfurt International Airport, Germany are monitored by the Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology (HLNUG) showing elevated UFP concentrations during airport operating hours (05:00–23:00 CET) (Ditas et al., 2022). Referring to that, the organic chemical composition of aviation-related UFPs emerging from the Frankfurt Airport was analysed by performing a comprehensive non-target screening of UFP filter samples. Aluminium-filter samples were collected at an air quality monitoring station 4 km north of the Frankfurt Airport, using a 13-stage impactor system (Nano-MOUDI). The chemical characterization of UFPs in the size range of 10-18 nm, 18-32 nm and 32-56 nm was accomplished by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, heated electrospray ionisation and mass analysis using an Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer. Non-target screening revealed that the majority of detected compounds belong to homologous series of two different types of organic esters, which are base stocks of aircraft lubrication oils. In reference to five different jet engine lubrication oils of various manufacturers, the corresponding lubricant base stocks and their additives, two amines and one organophosphate, were identified in the UFPs by the use of matching retention time, exact mass and MS/MS fragmentation pattern of single organic molecules. The quantitative analysis of the jet engine oil constituents in the aviation-related UFPs with diameters < 56 nm was accomplished by standard addition. By characterizing the Nano-MOUDI, loss factors for each size stage were determined and used for correction accordingly. Particle-number size distribution measurements, conducted parallel to the filter sampling, enabled the determination of the jet engine oil contribution to the UFP mass. Furthermore, the nucleation and particle formation potential of a commonly used synthetic jet engine lubrication oil was investigated in the laboratory. Thermodenuder experiments at 20 °C and 300 °C were carried out to monitor the gas-to-particle partitioning behaviour of jet engine oils. At 300 °C a significantly higher number of particles with a mean diameter of ~10 nm are formed, leading to a more than fivefold increase in total particle numbers compared to 20 °C. Particle diameters of the newly formed oil particles in the laboratory experiment appeared in the same size region as UFPs emerging from Frankfurt Airport. Particles originating from the Frankfurt city centre direction showed larger diameters. Results indicate that aircraft emissions strongly influence the total mass of 10-18 nm particles. The jet oil fraction decreases for bigger particles (e.g., 18-56 nm), implying that these oils form new particles in the cooling exhaust gases of aircraft engines. In addition, non-target screening and in vitro bioassays on aviation-related PM2.5 filter samples were combined to provide indications for potential toxicologically relevant compounds in dependence of different wind directions and airport operations. Most recently, the applied non-target screening method was also used to identify seasonal variations in the organic aerosol composition in Beijing.

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An introduction to environmental neurotoxicology: Lessons from a clinical perspective

Reis,

Spencer

2024

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

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Aerotoxic syndrome: A new occupational disease caused by contaminated cabin air?

Cited by 9 publications

References 127 publications

Nucleation of jet engine oil vapours is a large source of aviation-related ultrafine particles

Nucleation of jet engine oil vapours is a large source of aviation-related ultrafine particles

Chemical characterization and source attribution of aviation-related ultrafine particles

An introduction to environmental neurotoxicology: Lessons from a clinical perspective

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