Affect and memory: A review.

Blaney, Paul H.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.2.229

Cited by 1,571 publications

(1,028 citation statements)

References 171 publications

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“…Howev�r, the results failed to show evidence of mood dependency (see Blaney, 1986, for a review that emphasized the many failures to find mood dependent memory), although the manipulation of mood was confirmed by scores on the DACL (see the following section).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Remembering with and without awareness in a depressed mood: Evidence of deficits in initiative.

Hertel

Hardin²

1990

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

188

175

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We propose that depressive deficits in remembering are revealed in tasks that allow the spontaneous use of strategies; tasks that bypass or direct the use of strategies should not produce depressive deficits. College students received depressive-or neutral-mood inductions after answering questions worded to reflect homophones' less common meaning. After the inductions, subjects spelled old and new homophones and showed no effect of the depressive inductions on unaware memory for the old homophones. Subsequent tests of recognition did, however, reveal differences according to the induced mood or the presence of naturally occurring depression (in Experiment 3). The differences, evidence of nondepressed subjects' use of strategies, tended to disappear when all subjects were provided with strategies for spelling or recognition. The results indicate that depressives experience deficits in cognitive initiative. We review the literature on depressive memory from this perspective.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Remembering with and without awareness in a depressed mood: Evidence of deficits in initiative.

Hertel

Hardin²

1990

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

188

175

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“…Bower's "network theory of affect" proposed that an emotional state could serve as context in such a model, and thus drive state-dependent encoding and retrieval of memories (Blaney, 1986). In support of this proposal, information encoded in a state of low mood is subsequently more accessible when mood is again low than are memories from happier states (Bower, Monteiro, & Gilligan, 1978;Singer & Salovey, 1988).…”

Section: The Role Of Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive factors maintaining persecutory delusions in psychosis: The contribution of depression.

Vorontsova¹,

Garety²,

Freeman³

2013

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Depression is common in people with schizophrenia, but how it might directly contribute to the persistence of psychotic symptoms has rarely been tested. The key aim of the present study was to test whether depression and associated cognitive processes predict the maintenance of persecutory delusions. Three groups of participants were tested at baseline: 60 patients with persecutory delusions in the context of a schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis, 30 patients with depression, and 30 nonclinical controls. They completed interviewer and self-report assessments of depression and paranoia, and measures of six cognitive factors (schematic beliefs, experiential avoidance, autobiographical memory, problem solving, rumination, worry style). The patients with persecutory delusions were then assessed again, six months later. It was found that 50% of the patients with persecutory delusions met diagnostic criteria for major depression. Cognitive processes found to be associated with depression across the groups were negative schematic beliefs about the self, experiential avoidance and rumination, but not autobiographical memory or problem solving. The severity of initial depression in patients with persecutory delusions predicted the persistence of paranoia over six months. A number of cognitive factors also predicted the persistence of persecutory delusions, including negative schematic beliefs about the self, worry, and problem-solving difficulties. In conclusion, depression is common in patients with current persecutory delusions, and it shows similar cognitive features to major depressive disorder. The results of this study indicate that depression and related processes may contribute to the maintenance of paranoia. Trials are warranted of depression-related therapeutic techniques for people with persecutory delusions.

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“…Mood-dependent memory has been difficult to demonstrate reliably 1 (Bower & Mayer, 1989), but mood-congruent memory is a robust phenomenon that has been documented across many studies and in various populations (Blaney, 1986;Lewis, Critchley, Smith, & Dolan, 2005;Weingartner, Miller, & Murphy, 1977). In one study, either negative or positive moods were induced prior to retrieval attempts for negative or positive real-life events (Teasdale & Fogarty, 1979).…”

Section: Background From Cognitive Psychologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieval of emotional memories.

Buchanan

2007

Psychological Bulletin

397

238

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Long-term memories are influenced by the emotion experienced during learning as well as by the emotion experienced during memory retrieval. The present article reviews the literature addressing the effects of emotion on retrieval, focusing on the cognitive and neurological mechanisms that have been revealed. The reviewed research suggests that the amygdala, in combination with the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, plays an important role in the retrieval of memories for emotional events. The neural regions necessary for online emotional processing also influence emotional memory retrieval, perhaps through the reexperience of emotion during the retrieval process. Keywords emotion; memory; retrieval; amygdala; prefrontal cortex Retrieval of Emotional MemoriesMemories of our experiences are likely characterized by representations in the form of neuronal activity. Activity among a network of neurons represents a code for the experience of, say, a birthday party. When this network is activated by some cue that triggers a reexperience of that event, we are said to have recollected the birthday party. Emotional events are often remembered with greater accuracy and vividness (though these two characteristics do not always go together) than events lacking an emotional component (Reisberg & Hertel, 2005). This enhanced memory for emotional events has been attributed to interactions between the amygdala and other neural areas such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) (Cahill & McGaugh, 1996). The amygdala is active during emotional situations, and this activity influences the encoding and consolidation of the memory trace for the emotional event (see LaBar & Cabeza, 2006;Phelps, 2004, for a review). These effects on the "front end" of memory (attention, encoding, the early stages of consolidation) have been well documented, but the influence of emotion and amygdala activity on memory retrieval has been more difficult to demonstrate. This difficulty is partly due to the fact that, by definition, an emotional event exerts its influence during the initial experience of the event. Understanding the influence of emotion on retrieval mechanisms could have utility in treating disorders of emotion and memory such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Davis & Whalen, 2001;Elzinga & Bremner, 2002), in which emotion may influence all phases of memory. Given that it is at the retrieval stage that the pathological effects of negative emotion are most often observed (Elzinga & Bremner, 2002;Williams & Scott, 1988), perhaps this is also where treatment may work most effectively. Recent work on the neurobiology of retrieval, extinction learning, and potential treatments for psychopathology highlight the broad influence that emotion exerts on memory retrieval mechanisms. In this review, I examine this influence and discuss the applications of this work across many areas of psychology.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Tony W. Buchanan, who is now at the Department of Psychology...

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Affect and memory: A review.

Cited by 1,571 publications

References 171 publications

Remembering with and without awareness in a depressed mood: Evidence of deficits in initiative.

Remembering with and without awareness in a depressed mood: Evidence of deficits in initiative.

Cognitive factors maintaining persecutory delusions in psychosis: The contribution of depression.

Retrieval of emotional memories.

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