1990
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb01923.x
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Affirmative Action and the Issue of Expectancies

Abstract: The goal of affirmative action policies, the elimination of racial and sexual inequality, generates at least public agreement among most Americans, but affirmative action methods remain controversial, even among their intended beneficiaries. Affirmative action programs are criticized for reinforcing rather than dissolving racial and sexual barriers, and for making social categories salient. Further, if affirmative action programs appear to involve a lowering of standards, negative expectancies will be attached… Show more

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Cited by 55 publications
(24 citation statements)
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“…The narrow interpretation by the courts of indirect discrimination legislation (Dickens, 1992) shows how dif® cult this has been in practice, however. Without moves to increase understanding of the ways in which organisations currently favour members of some groups over others there is also a danger that attempts to change job requirements or practices are interpreted merely as shifting the goal posts in favour of inferior candidates (Cosby and Clayton, 1990). The interesting issue in this context is whether managing diversity provides a new way of thinking about the issues that could prove more effective at stimulating change.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The narrow interpretation by the courts of indirect discrimination legislation (Dickens, 1992) shows how dif® cult this has been in practice, however. Without moves to increase understanding of the ways in which organisations currently favour members of some groups over others there is also a danger that attempts to change job requirements or practices are interpreted merely as shifting the goal posts in favour of inferior candidates (Cosby and Clayton, 1990). The interesting issue in this context is whether managing diversity provides a new way of thinking about the issues that could prove more effective at stimulating change.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This article has shown, as have others, that with more careful scrutiny it is clear that the policy is indeed more fair than equal opportunity (Carson and Crosby, 1989;Clayton and Crosby, '1992;Clayton and Tangri, 1989;Crosby and Clayton, 1990). The question then is: How can we make it readily apparent to all citizens that affirmative action is fair policy?…”
Section: Writesmentioning
confidence: 80%
“…Expectancies exist in the eyes of beholders and actors. As such, disconfirmation of expectancy resulting from stigma and stereotyping is very difficult (Crosby & Clayton, 1990). It can negatively impact self‐identity, educational expectations of members of ethnic/racial minority groups (Niemann, 2001; Niemann, Romero, & Arbona, 2000; Niemann et al, 1999), and intergroup relations (Mindiola, Niemann, & Rodriguez, 2002; Niemann, 1999).…”
Section: Current Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action Policiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…“…[M]any Whites assume that every surly or incompetent Black worker they encounter owes his or her job to federal pressure, while blaming surliness or incompetence among Whites on permissive child bearing and junk food” (Crosby & Clayton, p.67). “The very programs designed to help members of disadvantaged social groups may perpetuate disadvantage in the long run through a process of self‐fulfilling negative prophesies” (Crosby & Clayton, 1990, p. 62).…”
Section: Current Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action Policiesmentioning
confidence: 99%