Aflatoxin B1 risk management in Parmigiano Reggiano dairy cow feed

Canestrari, Giorgia; Ricci, B.; Pizzamiglio, Valentina; Biancardi, Alberto; Piazza, Pierluigi; Merialdi, G.; Tosi, Giovanni; Giacometti, Federica; Nocetti, Marco; Fustini, Mattia; Serraino, Andrea; Formigoni, Andrea

doi:10.4081/ijfs.2016.5291

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Despite efforts to control fungal contamination, mycotoxins are ubiquitous in nature and are regularly produced in crops susceptible to contamination around the world. Although wide mycotoxin contamination surveys have been carried out worldwide [26,31,32], there are very few monitoring studies on AFs in feed in Italy, many of which are conducted on a limited number of samples and very limited in time [33][34][35]. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate AFB1 contamination in raw materials and feed for animal nutrition in Northern Italy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Eight-Year Survey on Aflatoxin B1 Indicates High Feed Safety in Animal Feed and Forages in Northern Italy

Ferrari

Fumagalli

Rizzi

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Aflatoxins (AFs) remain the main concern for the agricultural and dairy industries due to their effects on the performances and quality of livestock production. Aflatoxins are always unavoidable and should be monitored. The objective of this paper is to bring to light a significant volume of data on AF contamination in several animal feed ingredients in Northern Italy. The Regional Breeders Association of Lombardy has been conducting a survey program to monitor mycotoxin contamination in animal feeds, and in this paper, we present data relating to AFB1 contamination. In most cases (95%), the concentrations were low enough to ensure compliance with the European Union’s (EU’s) maximum admitted levels for animal feed ingredients. However, the data show a high variability in AF contamination between different matrices and, within the same matrix, a high variability year over year. High levels of AFs were detected in maize and cotton, especially in the central part of the second decade of this century, i.e., 2015–2018, which has shown a higher risk of AF contamination in feed materials in Northern Italy. Variability due to climate change and the international commodity market affect future prospects to predict the presence of AFs. Supplier monitoring and control and reduced buying of contaminated raw materials, as well as performing analyses of each batch, help reduce AF spread.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Eight-Year Survey on Aflatoxin B1 Indicates High Feed Safety in Animal Feed and Forages in Northern Italy

Ferrari

Fumagalli

Rizzi

et al. 2022

Toxins

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“…In recent decades, there have been many reports on the natural occurrence of AFB 1 in feeds and AFM 1 in milk and milk products (Natour et al, 1991;Han et al, 2013;Canestrari et al, 2016). The amount of AFM 1 in milk and AFB 1 in feeds consumed by animals could lead to health risks to consumers (Gonçalves et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Kinetics and Biotransformation of Aflatoxin B1 in Dairy Cows Based on the Establishment of a Reliable UHPLC-MS/MS Method

Guo

Fan

et al. 2021

Front. Chem.

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The in vivo kinetics of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and its carry-over as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk as well as the toxin loads in the tissue of dairy cows were assessed through a repetitive feeding trial of an AFB1-contaminated diet of 4 μg kg−1 body weight (b.w.) for 13 days. This was followed by a clearance period that ended with a single dose trial of an AFB1-contaminated diet of 40 μg kg−1 b.w. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and successfully validated by the determination of linearity (R2 ≥ 0.990), sensitivity (lower limit of quantification, 0.1–0.2 ng ml−1), recovery (79.5–111.2%), and precision relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤14.7%) in plasma, milk, and various tissues. The repetitive ingestion of AFB1 indicated that the biotransformation of AFB1 to AFM1 occurred within 48 h, and the clearance period of AFM1 in milk was not more than 2 days. The carry-over rate of AFM1 in milk during the continuous ingestion experiment was in the range of 1.15–2.30% at a steady state. The in vivo kinetic results indicated that AFB1 reached a maximum concentration of 3.8 ± 0.9 ng ml−1 within 35.0 ± 10.2 min and was slowly eliminated from the plasma, with a half-life time (T1/2) of 931.1 ± 30.8 min. Meanwhile, AFM1 reached a plateau in plasma (0.5 ± 0.1 ng ml−1) at 4 h after the ingestion. AFB1 was found in the heart, spleen, lungs, and kidneys at concentrations of 1.6 ± 0.3, 4.1 ± 1.2, 3.3 ± 0.9 and 5.6 ± 1.4 μg kg−1, respectively. AFM1 was observed in the spleen and kidneys at concentrations of only 0.7 ± 0.2 and 0.8 ± 0.1 μg kg−1, respectively. In conclusion, the in vivo kinetics and biotransformation of AFB1 in dairy cows were determined using the developed UHPLC-MS/MS method, and the present findings could be helpful in assessing the health risks to consumers.

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“…1 H-NMR (δ, ppm; DMSO-d 6 ): 2.33 (s, 3 H), 7.08 (dd, 1 H, 3 J 1 = 5.1 Hz, 3 J 2 = 3.7 Hz), 7.43 (s, 1 H), 7.52 (dd, 1 H, 3 J 2 = 3.7 Hz, 4 J = 1.2 Hz), 7.58 (dd, 1 H, 3 J 1 = 5.1 Hz, 4 J = 1.2 Hz), 8.30(s, 1 H), 10.33 (s, 1 H). 13 2-acetylfuranthiosemicarbazone (2-acfurTS): Thiosemicarbazide (0.50 g, 4.5 mmoL) was dissolved in 20 mL of hot absolute ethanol, with 1 mL of acetic acid as catalyst, 2-acetylfuran (0.41 g, 4.5 mmoL) was added dropwise to the hot solution. The orange mixture was reflux overnight under stirring.…”

Section: Chemistry and Synthesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 H-NMR (δ, ppm; DMSO-d 6 ): 2.24 (s, 3 H), 6.59 (dd, 1 H, 3 J 1 = 3.4 Hz, 3 J 2 = 1.8 Hz), 7.11 (dd, 1 H, 3 J 1 = 3.4 Hz, 4 J = 0.8 Hz), 7.71 (s, 1 H), 7.77 (dd, 1 H, 3 J 2 = 1.8 Hz, 4 J = 0.8 Hz), 8.30 (s, 1 H), 10.30 (s, 1 H). 13 Before being tested for their biological activity, compounds were evaluated for their possible interference with the direct fluorescence-based detection of AFs in the CCM culture medium; emission and absorption at λ ex = 360 nm (aflatoxins specific excitation wavelength) and λ em = 465 nm (aflatoxins specific emission wavelength) were measured directly in the CCM medium used for the toxin accumulation assay, using a fluorescence microplate reader (SPECTRAFluor PLUS, TECAN, Männedorf, Swiss). Compounds were tested at the final concentration of 50 and 100 µM; molecules showing emission/shielding values over 20% were discarded for the following analyses.…”

Section: Chemistry and Synthesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…growth and proliferation on crops: agricultural practices and storage conditions [ 7 , 8 ], water availability [ 9 , 10 ], a range of variables affecting plant health (including the surrounding environment and the extent to which they are protected from pests and diseases) and climatic conditions favorable for fungal spread [ 11 , 12 ]. Aflatoxin contamination risk was generally considered higher in regions characterized by a tropical or subtropical climate, but the impact of climate changes, and in particular the global warming, is currently affecting the distribution of fungal species and therefore the aflatoxin contamination, also in the maize fields of the Po Valley, in Northern Italy [ 13 , 14 ]. Additionally, when considering the health risk represented by mycotoxigenic fungi infecting agricultural commodities, it should be kept in mind that AF contamination is not only limited to raw materials, such as kernels and flours, soybeans, tree nuts, groundnuts, coffee, cocoa and spices [ 15 ]: the intake of contaminated feed by livestock could lead to a carrying-over contamination of meat, milk, eggs and derivatives, that could, in turn, be indirect sources of toxin exposure representing a significant threat to human and animal health [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The AFLATOX® Project: Approaching the Development of New Generation, Natural-Based Compounds for the Containment of the Mycotoxigenic Phytopathogen Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Contamination

Montalbano

Degola

Bartoli

et al. 2021

IJMS

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The control of the fungal contamination on crops is considered a priority by the sanitary authorities of an increasing number of countries, and this is also due to the fact that the geographic areas interested in mycotoxin outbreaks are widening. Among the different pre- and post-harvest strategies that may be applied to prevent fungal and/or aflatoxin contamination, fungicides still play a prominent role; however, despite of countless efforts, to date the problem of food and feed contamination remains unsolved, since the essential factors that affect aflatoxins production are various and hardly to handle as a whole. In this scenario, the exploitation of bioactive natural sources to obtain new agents presenting novel mechanisms of action may represent a successful strategy to minimize, at the same time, aflatoxin contamination and the use of toxic pesticides. The Aflatox® Project was aimed at the development of new-generation inhibitors of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. proliferation and toxin production, through the modification of naturally occurring molecules: a panel of 177 compounds, belonging to the thiosemicarbazones class, have been synthesized and screened for their antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic potential. The most effective compounds, selected as the best candidates as aflatoxin containment agents, were also evaluated in terms of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and epi-genotoxicity to exclude potential harmful effect on the human health, the plants on which fungi grow and the whole ecosystem.

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Aflatoxin B1 risk management in Parmigiano Reggiano dairy cow feed

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

An Eight-Year Survey on Aflatoxin B1 Indicates High Feed Safety in Animal Feed and Forages in Northern Italy

An Eight-Year Survey on Aflatoxin B1 Indicates High Feed Safety in Animal Feed and Forages in Northern Italy

In Vivo Kinetics and Biotransformation of Aflatoxin B1 in Dairy Cows Based on the Establishment of a Reliable UHPLC-MS/MS Method

The AFLATOX® Project: Approaching the Development of New Generation, Natural-Based Compounds for the Containment of the Mycotoxigenic Phytopathogen Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Contamination

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