Aflatoxin Biosynthesis, Genetic Regulation, Toxicity, and Control Strategies: A Review

Khan, Rahim Yar; Ghazali, Farinazleen Mohamad; Mahyudin, Nor Ainy; Samsudin, Nik Iskandar Putra

doi:10.3390/jof7080606

Cited by 52 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…Generally, AFB1 is produced from a complicated biosynthetic pathway, including at least 28 enzymatic steps. The structural genes encoding these enzymes are grouped in one gene cluster while two cluster-specific regulators, aflR and aflS, mainly regulate their expression [34,35]. It was reported that the decrease in the transcription levels of aflatoxin genes was associated with a reduction in AFB1 production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Pomegranate, Sugar Apple, and Eggplant Peel Extracts Suppresses Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis Pathway

et al. 2021

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Even though the green revolution was a significant turning point in agriculture, it was also marked by the widespread use of chemical pesticides, which prompted severe concerns about their influence on human and environmental health. As a result, the demand for healthier and more environmentally friendly alternatives to control plant diseases and avoid food spoilage is intensifying. Among the proposed alternatives, food by-product extracts, especially from the most consumed fruits in Egypt, eggplant, sugar apple, and pomegranate peel wastes, were largely ignored. Hence, we chose them to evaluate their antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities against maize fungus, Aspergillus flavus. All the extracts exhibited multiple degrees of antifungal growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) inhibitory activities (35.52% to 91.18%) in broth media. Additionally, diethyl ether 50% eggplant, ethanol 75% sugar apple, and diethyl ether 25% pomegranate extracts exhibited the highest AFB1 inhibition, of 96.11%, 94.85%, and 78.83%, respectively, after one month of treated-maize storage. At the same time, Topsin fungicide demonstrated an AFB1 inhibition ratio of 72.95%. The relative transcriptional levels of three structural and two regulatory genes, aflD, aflP, aflQ, aflR, and aflS, were downregulated compared to the infected control. The phenolic content (116.88 mg GAEs/g DW) was highest in the 25% diethyl ether pomegranate peel extract, while the antioxidant activity was highest in the 75% ethanol sugar apple extract (94.02 µg/mL). The most abundant active compounds were found in the GC-MS analysis of the fruit peel extracts: α-kaurene, α-fenchene, p-allylphenol, octadecanoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxy phenol, hexestrol, xanthinin, and linoleic acid. Finally, the three fruit peel waste extracts could be a prospective source of friendly ecological compounds that act as environmentally safer and more protective alternatives to inhibit AFB1 production in maize storage.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Pomegranate, Sugar Apple, and Eggplant Peel Extracts Suppresses Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis Pathway

et al. 2021

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“…It has been reported that aflatoxin and ST biosynthesis in fungi are affected by the cluster‐specific transcription factors AflR and AflS, the sucrose non‐fermenting kinase SNF1, the heterotrimeric velvet complex VelB/VeA/LaeA, the global regulator NsdD, the sulfur metabolism transcription factor MetR, the heterotrimeric G‐protein FadA, the mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐related protein kinase ImeB, the Ras family GTPase RasA, and the histone deacetylase HdaA (Bayram et al ., 2008, 2009; Georgianna and Payne, 2009; Lee et al ., 2014; Li et al ., 2020; Yu et al ., 2020). Besides, the production of aflatoxin and ST is also tightly modulated by environmental stimulus and nutritional conditions, including temperature, pH, light, carbon source, nitrogen source and oxidative stress (Caceres et al ., 2020; Khan et al ., 2021). Previous study showed that white light has an obvious inhibition effect on ST formation in A. nidulans , compared to that in the dark (Bayram et al ., 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of VIVID in white light‐responsive pigmentation, sexual development and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina

Shen

Chapeland-Leclerc

Ruprich-Robert

et al. 2022

Environmental Microbiology

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Light serves as a source of information and regulates diverse physiological processes in living organisms. Fungi perceive and respond to light through a complex photosensory system. Fungi have evolved the desensitization mechanism to adapt to the changing light signal in a natural environment. White light exerts multiple essential impacts on the model filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. However, the light sensing and response in this species has not been investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that the loss of function of the light desensitization protein VIVID (VVD) in P. anserina triggered exacerbated light responses and therefore led to drastic morphological and physiological changes. The white light-sensitive mutant Δvvd showed growth reduction, spermatia overproduction, enhanced hyphae pigmentation and reduced oxidative stress tolerance.We observed the decreased expression level of sterigmatocystin gene cluster by transcriptome analysis and finally detected the reduced production of sterigmatocystin in Δvvd in response to white light. Our data indicate that VVD acts as a repressor of white collar complex. This study exhibits a vital role of VVD in governing white light-responsive gene expression and secondary metabolite production and contributes to a better understanding of the photoreceptor VVD in P. anserina.

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“…These harmful SMs are known generically as mycotoxins. One specially studied for its high toxicity is aflatoxin B1, produced by various species of Aspergillus [112]. Its consumption is associated with a syndrome known as acute aflatoxicosis, as well as with liver cancer or other damaging effects [103].…”

Section: Biological Properties and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Secondary Metabolism

Ávalos

Limón

2021

Encyclopedia

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Fungal secondary metabolites (SMs) comprise a vast collection of compounds expendable for these organisms under laboratory conditions. They exhibit enormous chemical diversity, and usually belong to four major families: terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, or a combination of the last two. Their functions are very diverse and are normally associated with a greater fitness of the producing fungi in their environment, which often compete with other microorganisms or interact with host plants. Many SMs have beneficial applications, e.g., as antibiotics or medical drugs, but others, known as mycotoxins, are harmful to health.

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Aflatoxin Biosynthesis, Genetic Regulation, Toxicity, and Control Strategies: A Review

Cited by 52 publications

References 156 publications

The Application of Pomegranate, Sugar Apple, and Eggplant Peel Extracts Suppresses Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis Pathway

The Application of Pomegranate, Sugar Apple, and Eggplant Peel Extracts Suppresses Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis Pathway

Involvement of VIVID in white light‐responsive pigmentation, sexual development and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina

Fungal Secondary Metabolism

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