Aflatoxin contamination and exposure in processed cereal-based complementary foods for infants and young children in greater Accra, Ghana

Blankson, G.K.; Mill-Robertson, F.C.

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.12.032

Cited by 46 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The findings from the present work conforms to a similar work on aflatoxins content in High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF) done by Ofori et al (2016) where aflatoxin B 1, B 2, G 1, and G 2 was not detected in all HQCF samples analyzed but contradict previous studies on aflatoxin determination in Maize, Sorghum, Millet and Water yam flour in some West African countries such as Ghana, Gambia and Nigeria. For example Kpodo (2001) conducted aflatoxin determination in maize from Ghana which revealed that eighty-four (84) out of one hundred and twenty-eight (128) maize kernel sampled from markets and maize processing sites were contaminated with aflatoxin at level up to 200 ng/g whiles a similar studies on aflatoxin determination in cereal-based food products intended for infants and young children done by Blankson and Mill-Robertson (2016) also showed aflatoxin contamination at levels of 0.18 ± 0.01 to 36.10 ± 0.32 μgkg −1 . Hudson et al (1992)) analyzed nine millet samples for aflatoxin in Gambia a West African country and all the nine sample were contaminated with aflatoxin to level ranging from 1-27 ng/g.…”

Section: Aflatoxin Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace metal and aflatoxin concentrations in some processed cereal and root and tuber flour

et al. 2016

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Background: Sweet potato, cocoyam, water yam, maize, millet, sorghum, and rice are major staple foods in Ghana. Flour from these roots and tubers and cereals are relatively cheaper, easy to produce and can be used in the manufacturing of wide range of products, including bread, cookies, meat pies, cake, chips and doughnut. However, due to the processing techniques used these flours may be contaminated with trace metals and aflatoxins. It was therefore necessary to determine the concentration of trace metal: As, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Zn, and aflatoxin B 1, B 2, G 1, and G 2 in maize, sorghum, millet, rice, cocoyam, water yam and sweet potato flour samples used as composite flour for making bread and other pastries. Results: The trace metal concentration of essential metals: Cu, Fe and Zn in all the seven flour samples analyzed ranged from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 6.63 ± 0.02, 10.97 ± 0.01 to 201.40 ± 0.14, and 6.04 ± 0.03 to 34.36 ± 0.06 mg/Kg, respectively. The maximum concentrations of toxic metals: As, Hg and Pb determined in all the seven flour samples were < 0.01, < 0.01, and 0.05 ± 0.01 mg/Kg, respectively. Aflatoxin B 1, B 2, G 1, and G 2 were not detected in any of the samples. Conclusion: The concentrations of As, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn determined in all seven flour samples were below the WHO set limits and therefore pose no health threat whiles Fe concentration in some flour samples was above the WHO set limit. Aflatoxin B 1, B 2, G 1, and G 2 were not detected in all flour samples and hence pose no health threat.

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Section: Aflatoxin Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace metal and aflatoxin concentrations in some processed cereal and root and tuber flour

et al. 2016

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“…). The AF detected in food and feed are B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , and G 2 (Blankson and Mill‐Robertson ; Robert et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aflatoxin often produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, is a strong chemical carcinogen, with strong teratogenicity and mutagenicity (Richard et al 2009). The AF detected in food and feed are B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , and G 2 (Blankson and Mill-Robertson 2016;Robert et al 2016). Their presence in feeds is a health hazard for animals and a potential public health concern due to the subsequent excretion of AFM 1 in dairy milk (Diaz et al 2004;Alonso et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of inoculants and fibrolytic enzymes on the fermentation characteristics, in vitro digestibility and aflatoxins accumulation of whole‐crop corn silage

Ying

Borjigin

2017

Grassland Science

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Two additives (bacterial inoculants and fibrolytic enzymes) were tested for their effects on fermentation characteristics, in vitro digestibility, mold counts and aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1 and G2) content in corn silages. Whole‐plant corn was harvested with one‐half milk line stage and ensiled after the following treatments: (i) untreated (CON); (ii) bacterial inoculants at 105 CFU g−1 of fresh forage (B); (iii) fibrolytic enzymes at 100 U g−1 of fresh forage (E); and (iv) mixture of bacterial inoculants and enzymes at 105 CFU g−1 and 100 U g−1 of fresh forage, respectively (B+E). All the additives increased the lactic acid content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (P < 0.05), decreased ammonia nitrogen content (P < 0.05). E and B+E decreased the neutral detergent fiber content and increased the crude protein, in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and crude protein (P < 0.05). Aflatoxins content and mold counts for treated silage were lower than untreated silage (P < 0.05) throughout the air exposure stages (0, 1, 5, and 10 days). Additionally, the aflatoxins were not detected in B treated silage after 0 day exposure to air and in B+E throughout the air exposure stages.

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“…Contaminants such as mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and fumonisins, and heavy metals such as lead and mercury are known to be toxic, carcinogenic, and associated with child stunting (Gleason et al, ; Kumar, Mahato, Kamle, Mohanta, & Kang, ; Magoha et al, ; Wu, Narrod, Tiongco, & Liu, ). Two recent studies conducted in Ghana (Blankson & Mill‐Robertson, ) and Tanzania (Kamala et al, ) revealed an alarmingly high exposure to above‐limit aflatoxin levels in cereal‐based CFs. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the nutritional quality and safety of locally marketed CF brands in Rwanda has been undertaken in order to provide a basis for improving nutrient intake and reducing exposure to contaminants of older infants and young children in LICs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inadequacy of nutrients and contaminants found in porridge‐type complementary foods in Rwanda

Grosshagauer

Milani

Kraemer

et al. 2019

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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Child malnutrition remains persistently high in Rwanda. Complementary foods play a key role in young child nutrition. This study explores the quality and safety of complementary food products available in the Rwandan market. Ten of the most consumed porridge-type complementary food products in Rwanda have been analysed. Mean values of macronutrient and micronutrient contents were compared against three international standards and evaluated against label claims. Mean mycotoxin, microbiological, and pesticide contamination were compared with maximum tolerable limits.Mean energy density (385 kcal/100 g) and total fat content (7.9 g/100 g) were lower than all three international benchmarks. The mean fibre content of 8.5 g/100 g was above the maximum recommended amount of Codex Alimentarius and more than double the amount claimed on labels. Mean levels of vitamin A (retinyl palmitate, 0.54 mg/100 g) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol, 3.7 mg/100 g) fell significantly short of all three standards, whereas calcium and zinc requirements were only partially met. Average iron content was 12.1 mg/100 g. The analysis revealed a mean aflatoxin contamination of 61 μg/kg, and high mold and yeast infestation. Escherichia coli and pesticide residues were found, whereas no heavy metals could be quantitated.Overall, complementary food products in Rwanda show inadequate nutrient contents and high aflatoxin and microbial contamination levels. Improved regulation and monitoring of both local and imported products are needed to improve the quality and safety of complementary foods in Rwanda. KEYWORDScomplementary foods, food and nutrient intake, food consumption, food intake, infant and child nutrition, infant feeding ---This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Aflatoxin contamination and exposure in processed cereal-based complementary foods for infants and young children in greater Accra, Ghana

Cited by 46 publications

References 15 publications

Trace metal and aflatoxin concentrations in some processed cereal and root and tuber flour

Trace metal and aflatoxin concentrations in some processed cereal and root and tuber flour

Effect of inoculants and fibrolytic enzymes on the fermentation characteristics, in vitro digestibility and aflatoxins accumulation of whole‐crop corn silage

Inadequacy of nutrients and contaminants found in porridge‐type complementary foods in Rwanda

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