Aflatoxin Contamination in Foods and Feeds: A Special Focus on Africa

Anthony, Makun Hussaini; Francis, Dutton Michael; Berka, Njobeh Patrick; Ayinla, Gbodi Timothy; Haruna, Ogbadu Godwin

doi:10.5772/24919

Cited by 16 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 207 publications

(187 reference statements)

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“…However, harvesting during the wet season increases the risk of harvesting aflatoxigenic fungi. The effect of mechanized harvesting on mycotoxin pollution is not controlled [3]. …”

Section: Awareness On Aflatoxin Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Awareness on the adverse impact of mycotoxins should not be limited to farmers, consumers, and the professionals in the food and feed industry [3]. Courses on mycotoxins need to be embedded in the curricula for the training of agriculturists, medical personnel, and laboratory-based scientists.…”

Section: Awareness On Aflatoxin Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maize is also widely grown for animal feeds. This over dependence on grains, on which aflatoxin can thrive in rural Africa, is a major reason for the high aflatoxin load in the continent [3]. A too narrow focus on improved maize varieties which show resistance against Aspergilus flavus or the introduction of bio-control agents limited to maize may compound the problems caused by already high rates of undernutrition with a whole set of new diet-related health issues.…”

Section: Adopting a Dietary Rather Than Commodity Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of data about mycotoxins in Sub Saharan Africa has been generated by international research institutions (like the International Agency for Cancer Research—IARC) or by organizations with development activities in Africa [2]. Additionally, “ A groan can almost be audible from scientists who work or have an interest in the field of mycotoxicology ( fungi and mycotoxins ) to the effect of: not another review publication on AF ” [3]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animals and humans can also be affected by mycotoxins through contaminated fruits, vegetables, products, and tissues of animal origin and through fermented foodstuff [3]. Once food or feed is contaminated along any stage of the value chain, they remain contaminated in the further stages of the chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scaling-Up the Impact of Aflatoxin Research in Africa. The Role of Social Sciences

Stepman¹

2018

Toxins

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At the interface between agriculture and nutrition, the aflatoxin contamination of food and feed touches on agriculture, health, and trade. For more than three decades now, the problem of aflatoxin has been researched in Africa. The interest of development cooperation for aflatoxin and the support to aflatoxin mitigation projects has its ups and downs. The academic world and the development world still seem to operate in different spheres and a collaboration is still challenging due to the complexity of the contamination sources at pre-harvest and post-harvest levels. There is a growing call by research funders and development actors for the impact of solutions at a scale. The solutions to mitigate aflatoxin contamination require new ways of working together. A more prominent role is to be played by social scientists. The role of social scientists in scaling-up the impact of aflatoxin research in Africa and the proposed mitigation solutions is to ensure that awareness, advantage, affordability, and access are systematically assessed. Aflatoxin-reduced staple foods and feed would be an agricultural result with a considerable health and food safety impact.

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“…However, harvesting during the wet season increases the risk of harvesting aflatoxigenic fungi. The effect of mechanized harvesting on mycotoxin pollution is not controlled [3]. …”

Section: Awareness On Aflatoxin Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Awareness On Aflatoxin Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Adopting a Dietary Rather Than Commodity Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Scaling-Up the Impact of Aflatoxin Research in Africa. The Role of Social Sciences

Stepman¹

2018

Toxins

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Laws and Regulations of Traditional Foods: Past, Present and Future

Gallagher

McKevitt

2019

Traditional Foods

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Parallel validation of a green-solvent extraction method and quantitative estimation of multi-mycotoxins in staple cereals using LC-MS/MS

Gbashi

Njobeh

Madala

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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In this study, 15 different mycotoxins were estimated in three staple cereals from selected agroecological regions in nigeria using a 'novel' green extraction method, pressurized hot water extraction (pHWe) in comparison to a conventional solvent extraction method. Discrimination of the results of pHWe and solvent extraction using principal component analysis (pcA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) did not yield any differential clustering patterns. All maize samples (n = 16), 32% (n = 38) of sorghum and 35% (n = 37) of millet samples were positive for at least one of the 15 tested mycotoxins. Contamination levels for the cereals were higher in the warm humid rain forest region and gradually decreased towards the hot and arid region in the north of the country. the results demonstrate the applicability of pHWe as a possible alternative extraction method to conventional methods of extraction, which are solvent based. Mycotoxins are well-known food and feed contaminants that are produced by ubiquitous toxigenic fungal species belonging mainly to the Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Claviceps and Alternaria genera 1-3. It has been estimated that approximately 4.5 billion people in the world, of which a majority from sub-Saharan Africa are chronically exposed to uncontrolled amounts of these toxins via exposure to contaminated foods 4. Although about 300 to 400 different mycotoxins have been clearly identified in nature, only a few have received significant research attention due to their economic and health significance 5 , some of which include fumonisins (FBs), aflatoxins (AFs), zearalenone (ZEN) and its analogues, ochratoxins (OTs), T-2 toxin (T-2), and some emerging ones such as alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and sterigmatocystin (STEG). Relative to their incessant prevalence in the sub-Saharan African food supply chain, mycotoxins have been implicated in a number of adverse socioeconomic effects, ranging from human and animal health, impact on food security, impact on livelihood, damage to the African agricultural export market brand, and impact on Africa's self-sustainability and increased dependence on foreign aid 5-7. In the global food market, annual losses associated with mycotoxins have been estimated at approximately one billion metric tons of agricultural produce and food commodities 8,9. Nigeria, a sub-Saharan African nation, and the most populous country on the continent, is one of the countries that have been severely plagued by the mycotoxin menace in Africa 3,10,11. Amidst several factors, favorable environmental conditions for colonization of crops by toxigenic fungal species, coupled with susceptibility of endemic staple crops such as maize, sorghum and millet to mycotoxin proliferation have been identified as a critical precursor to the pervasive impact of the toxins in Nigeria 12-15. A majority of the Nigerian populace (78 to >85%) rely on these cereal grains for dietary supply of energy, household incomes, as well as food and feed ingredients...

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Aflatoxin Contamination in Foods and Feeds: A Special Focus on Africa

Cited by 16 publications

References 207 publications

Scaling-Up the Impact of Aflatoxin Research in Africa. The Role of Social Sciences

Scaling-Up the Impact of Aflatoxin Research in Africa. The Role of Social Sciences

Laws and Regulations of Traditional Foods: Past, Present and Future

Parallel validation of a green-solvent extraction method and quantitative estimation of multi-mycotoxins in staple cereals using LC-MS/MS

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