Aflatoxin Measurement and Analysis

Hussain, Imtiaz

doi:10.5772/24890

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…if it is intended to detect and quantify the analyte, quantitative methods must be used. Usually, the analytical procedures follow the following steps: sampling, sample preparation (which can include extraction and clean-up (purification)), and analysis (identification and quantification) [5,12,13]. Even though it is less toxic than AFB1, AFM1 has hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects, and is relatively stable during milk pasteurization, storage, and processing [5].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Usually, the analytical procedures follow the following steps: sampling, sample preparation (which can include extraction and clean-up (purification)), and analysis (identification and quantification) [5,12,13]. Table 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although IACs are easy to use and have high selectivity, they are single use because of the denaturation of antibodies during the elution step, and as such the costs are high. SPE is cheaper than IAC [3,5,12].…”

Section: Clean-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In SPE, the sample is loaded on a cartridge packed with a suitable adsorbent material, on which the adsorption of the analytes to be detected takes place, and then separated by elution with a solvent, usually an organic solvent. This technique provides the extraction and purification of the analyte of interest before instrumental analysis [3,5,12]. Application of SPE column was used by different authors to extract AFM1 from milk and cheese samples, as shown in Table S1.…”

Section: Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection Methods for Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products

et al. 2020

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Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced mainly by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. In the food chain, the original mycotoxin may be transformed in other toxic compounds, reaching the consumer. A good example is the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in dairy products, which is due to the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the animal feed. Thus, milk-based foods, such as cheese and yogurts, may be contaminated with this toxin, which, although less toxic than AFB1, also exhibits hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects and is relatively stable during pasteurization, storage and processing. For this reason, the establishment of allowed maximum limits in dairy products and the development of methodologies for its detection and quantification are of extreme importance. There are several methods for the detection of AFM1 in dairy products. Usually, the analytical procedures go through the following stages: sampling, extraction, clean-up, determination and quantification. For the extraction stage, the use of organic solvents (as acetonitrile and methanol) is still the most common, but recent advances include the use of the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe method (QuEChERS) and proteolytic enzymes, which have been demonstrated to be good alternatives. For the clean-up stage, the high selectivity of immunoaffinity columns is still a good option, but alternative and cheaper techniques are becoming more competitive. Regarding quantification of the toxin, screening strategies include the use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to select presumptive positive samples from a wider range of samples, and more reliable methods—high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection or mass spectroscopy—for the separation, identification and quantification of the toxin.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clean-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection Methods for Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products

et al. 2020

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“…Further to this, the adoption of an extraction method strongly depends on the analytical objectives; hence, for AF analysis, methods are required to meet established benchmark standards of the survey, monitory work, legislation and research [89]. It is in line with this that we propose the adoption of SWE as an alternative to conventional extraction methods for AFs, particularly with respect to improved recovery and selectivity, reduced organic solvent consumption and extraction time, at a lower cost.…”

Section: Other Methods For Aflatoxin Extractionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Subcritical Water Extraction and Its Prospects for Aflatoxins Extraction in Biological Materials

Gbashi¹,

Madala²,

AyodejiAdebo³

et al. 2017

Aflatoxin-Control, Analysis, Detection and Health Risks

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Aflatoxins (AFs) are well-known mycotoxins and contaminants of various agricultural commodities globally that are linked to a wide range of adverse health and economic complications. Because of their incessant proliferation and deleterious consequences, it has become mandatory to routinely monitor the levels of these toxins in agricultural products before they go into the market. Essentially, effective analysis is an important component of AFs control, and extraction is a necessary step for their analysis, irrespective of the protocol adopted. Conventional methods for AF extraction are expensive, the processes involved are tedious and utilize large quantities of organic solvents that are environmentally unfriendly. This has necessitated the quest for alternatives that are 'green', cost-effective and easy to perform. In this regard, subcritical water extraction (SWE) is a viable alternative that has proven to be effective in the extraction of other bioactive compounds. This chapter presents a critical appraisal of the principles and dynamics of SWE, and its current applications as a viable tool in the extraction of AFs from various biological matrices. Although further research needs to be performed to enhance its applicability, the adoption of SWE in the extraction of AFs seems very promising and needs to be properly exploited.

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