Aflatoxins and kwashiorkor: a study in Sudanese children.

Hendrickse, R. G.; Coulter, J. B. S.; Lamplugh, S.M.; Macfarlane, Sarah B.; Williams, Thomas E.; Omer, M. I. A.; Suliman, G. I.

doi:10.1136/bmj.285.6345.843

Cited by 116 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Aflatoxin intake is related to kwashiorkor [24] and Reye syndrome [25], and aflatoxins induce liver damage in undernourished individuals [26]. Aflatoxins are classified as Group I carcinogens in humans [27]; they are potent mutagens and teratogens, and they cause abortions, immunosuppression and cardiovascular symptoms.…”

Section: Mycotoxins That Affect the Human Cardiovascular Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aflatoxins are considered unavoidable toxins [22]. Biological control measures include lactic acid bacterial fermentation, which is known to render cereal-based foods and beverages safe [23], and the use of aluminosilicates, glucomannans and optimal storage conditions to prevent fungal growth.Aflatoxin intake is related to kwashiorkor [24] and Reye syndrome [25], and aflatoxins induce liver damage in undernourished individuals [26]. Aflatoxins are classified as Group I carcinogens in humans [27]; they are potent mutagens and teratogens, and they cause abortions, immunosuppression and cardiovascular symptoms.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mycotoxins that Affect the Human Cardiovascular System

Carvajal-Moreno¹

2015

Pharm Anal Acta

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Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi in the field or during storage; these fungi are mainly saprophytic molds growing on foodstuffs or animal feeds. These molds produce chemical compounds of low molecular weight that are not detected by antigens and hence are insidious poisons with no obvious symptoms. Since 1960, mycotoxins have been considered responsible for diseases and death in domestic animals and humans. Mycotoxicoses, the diseases caused by mycotoxins, have been responsible for major epidemics in humans and domestic animals since agriculture was developed. Each of these diseases is caused by specific molds that produce one or more potent toxins, usually in one specific type of commodity or feed. Among the main mycotoxigenic fungi are the genera Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp.The symptoms caused by mycotoxins can be acute or chronic, depending on the type of toxin and the dose. The symptoms of acute mycotoxicoses include liver and kidney damage, attacks on the central nervous system, skin disorders, hormonal effects, miscarriage, hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea and many others. Mycotoxins are eaten in trace quantities in the daily diet; some, such as aflatoxins, can accumulate, whereas others are quickly eliminated. Examples of chronic mycotoxicoses include Reye syndrome, Kwashiorkor, and cancers that develop in experimental animals or humans long after the mycotoxin is eaten. In the present review, we will describe some mycotoxins that cause circulatory problems, vein breakage, hemorrhage, and heart failure. The structures, physicochemical properties [7], biosynthesis [8], production conditions and occurrence of aflatoxins are also well known [9,10]. One important property of aflatoxins is that they form links to DNA, RNA and proteins [11,12], and they accumulate over time as adducts of AFB1-formamidopyrimidine (AFB1-FAPY) [13] and AFB1-lysine albumin [14], which are active carcinogens. Mycotoxins that Affect the Human Cardiovascular SystemMagdaAflatoxins, the most powerful mycotoxins, were discovered in the early 1960s with the outbreak of turkey "X" disease in England and high incidences of liver disease in ducklings in Kenya and hatcheryreared trout in the United States; the causes of all these problems were aflatoxins [15]. Aflatoxins are present in numerous foods, such as cereals, spices [16], oilseeds [17], and dry fruits. After these foods are consumed, the aflatoxins pass into milk, [18,19], all dairy products, eggs [20] and meat [21] derivatives. Aflatoxins are considered unavoidable toxins [22]. Biological control measures include lactic acid bacterial fermentation, which is known to render cereal-based foods and beverages safe [23], and the use of aluminosilicates, glucomannans and optimal storage conditions to prevent fungal growth.Aflatoxin intake is related to kwashiorkor [24] and Reye syndrome [25], and aflatoxins induce liver damage in undernourished individuals [26]. Aflatoxins are classified as Group I carcinogens in humans [27]; the...

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Section: Mycotoxins That Affect the Human Cardiovascular Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins that Affect the Human Cardiovascular System

Carvajal-Moreno¹

2015

Pharm Anal Acta

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“…Studies in human populations consuming aflatoxincontaminated peanut butter revealed the presence of aflatoxin M1 in urine, as detected by TLC analysis (16), and aflatoxins were also found in the urine of Sudanese children suffering from kwashiorkor examined by HPLC analysis (17). Chemical screening methods for detection of aflatoxin and metabolites in human urine (18) and serum (19) have been reported.…”

Section: Strategies For Exposure Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and biochemical dosimetry of exposure to genotoxic chemicals.

Wogan¹,

Gorelick²

1985

Environ Health Perspect

112

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Epidemiologic studies designed to evaluate the health significance of environmental chemicals are compromised by the lack of quantitative exposure data for individuals in exposed populations. Monitoring data on levels of compounds in environmental media often represent the only information available, and average population exposure is therefore the only quantitative parameter that can be calculated. Biological monitoring, i.e., measurements on cells, tissues or body fluids of exposed persons, has the objective of defining the so-called "internal dose" or "effective dose" on an individual basis. Such measurements can be used to ensure that current or past exposure does not entail unacceptable health risks, or can detect potentially excessive exposure before the appearance of adverse health effects. Results obtained through this approach can be interpreted on an individual basis and also used to estimate for that individual the amount of chemical absorbed during a specific time interval or the amount bound to critical sites. They may also be useful for characterization of community exposure by analyzing results obtained in groups of individuals within the general population. In this respect, biological monitoring data complement environmental measurements but have certain advantages in estimating health risks. Most importantly, the data obtained are more directly related to adverse effects and thus provide a better estimate of risk than ambient monitoring. Biological monitoring also takes into account absorption by all routes, integrates exposure from all sources, and therefore can be used as a basis for estimate of total risk from multiple chemicals.

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“…AFs are some of the most potent toxic substances found in foods and feeds [1]. Numerous studies have also linked AFs to various diseases, such as cancer of the liver and hepatitis B and C. High levels of AF were detected in children with kwashiorkor in Sudan [2], in Durban, South Africa [3] and in Nigeria [4]. AFs are ubiquitous but are more commonly found in warm and humid climates and affect about one-quarter of the global food and feed crop output [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Risks of Aflatoxin Contamination in Marketing of Peanut in Benin

N’Dede

Jolly

Vodouhè

et al. 2012

Economics Research International

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Aflatoxin (AF) is a human health, nutrition, and financial risk to many people in the developing world. AF contamination in peanut is caused by the fungi: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. AF is a potent carcinogenic toxin that also causes millions of dollars of financial losses to people in Africa. The fungus producing the AF can be reduced to an acceptable level by proper drying, sorting, storage, and cleaning of peanut. Government intervention and regulation can also encourage market participants to reduce AF contamination. In this paper, we examine the financial risk associated with sorting, and storing of peanut and peanut products along the marketing chain. Study results show that the prices paid for peanut, prices received, the costs of sorting and storage are dominant factors in reducing AF levels in peanut. Practices such as drying, sorting, and storing, however, pose financial risks to market traders of peanut. Unless government intervenes by requesting an AF-reduced peanut and provides assistance for market liberalization where market participants consider quality in trading decisions, suppliers of peanut will be reluctant to adopt AFreducing techniques.

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Aflatoxins and kwashiorkor: a study in Sudanese children.

Cited by 116 publications

References 12 publications

Mycotoxins that Affect the Human Cardiovascular System

Mycotoxins that Affect the Human Cardiovascular System

Chemical and biochemical dosimetry of exposure to genotoxic chemicals.

Economic Risks of Aflatoxin Contamination in Marketing of Peanut in Benin

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