Aflatoxins Biosynthesis, Toxicity and Intervention Strategies: A Review

Iqbal, Munawar; Abbas, Mazhar; Adil, Muhammad Faheem; Nazir, Arif; Ahmad, Ishfaq

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3407341

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 210 publications

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“…The antioxidant activity of TTH-L, TTH-R and TTH-S is less than that of methanolic extracts. The antioxidant potential of most reported plants is due to the phenolic compounds present in these plants [35][36][37][38][39][40]. In phenolic compounds, larger groups of bioactive compounds are present, which impart them various biological properties such as antioxidants, antifeedants, pigmentation contributors, etc.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Applications and Bio-Profiling of <i>Tribulus Terrestris</i>: an Ecofriendly Approach

Arshad¹,

Rahman²,

Qayyum³

et al. 2020

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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The antibacterial and antioxidant activity of different parts of Tribulus terrestris, such as leaves and roots, was carried out using methanol and n-hexane as solvents. The leaves of plant have greater extraction yield than roots. The antibacterial activity was checked against both gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Antibacterial activity was performed by disk inhibition method. Leaves show greater antibacterial activity (29 mm and 30 mm) against both S. aureus and E. coli, whereas roots show (16 mm and 21 mm) against both species respectively. Antioxidant activity was carried out by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging free-radical assay. Leaf extract showed greater antioxidant activity (73%) than that of roots (52%). Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined by spectrophotometer analysis. The results indicate that leaf extract contains higher phenolic and flavonoid contents (723 mg Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 476 mg Quercetin equivalents (QE)/g as compared to roots extract (235mg GAE/g and 93 mg QE/g).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Applications and Bio-Profiling of <i>Tribulus Terrestris</i>: an Ecofriendly Approach

Arshad¹,

Rahman²,

Qayyum³

et al. 2020

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

Self Cite

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“…This may be the case if the crop is harvested before its moisture content is low enough (<15%) or stored in an environment with high relative humidity (RH) and poor aeration [24,67,74]. Other growth parameters, such as the pH and nature of the soil, the availability of carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphates, zinc, and various trace metals also affect the production of aflatoxins [75], but none of which appears to be a limiting factor in the countries considered. These favourable environmental conditions are enhanced by the vulnerability of the prevailing agricultural systems.…”

Section: Crop Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was related to the high average consumption of rice in Vietnam, which ranges, for adults, between 244.4 and 300.5 g/day [81]. The climates that predominate in AEZs where the highest aflatoxin levels were recorded are warm arid and semi-arid, tropical, or subtropical or irrigated desert [75] (see also, Tables 5 and 6; and Supplementary Materials in Tables S2 and S3 for details). In addition to the climate type, an annual mean rainfall around 700 mm is an additional factor that favours aflatoxin contamination [24].…”

Section: Crop Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Benkerroum

2020

IJERPH

194

112

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This review aims to update the main aspects of aflatoxin production, occurrence and incidence in selected countries, and associated aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Means to reduce aflatoxin incidence in crops were also presented, with an emphasis on the environmentally-friendly technology using atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxins are unavoidable widespread natural contaminants of foods and feeds with serious impacts on health, agricultural and livestock productivity, and food safety. They are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species distributed on three main sections of the genus (section Flavi, section Ochraceorosei, and section Nidulantes). Poor economic status of a country exacerbates the risk and the extent of crop contamination due to faulty storage conditions that are usually suitable for mold growth and mycotoxin production: temperature of 22 to 29 °C and water activity of 0.90 to 0.99. This situation paralleled the prevalence of high liver cancer and the occasional acute aflatoxicosis episodes that have been associated with these regions. Risk assessment studies revealed that Southeast Asian (SEA) and Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries remain at high risk and that, apart from the regulatory standards revision to be more restrictive, other actions to prevent or decontaminate crops are to be taken for adequate public health protection. Indeed, a review of publications on the incidence of aflatoxins in selected foods and feeds from countries whose crops are classically known for their highest contamination with aflatoxins, reveals that despite the intensive efforts made to reduce such an incidence, there has been no clear tendency, with the possible exception of South Africa, towards sustained improvements. Nonetheless, a global risk assessment of the new situation regarding crop contamination with aflatoxins by international organizations with the required expertise is suggested to appraise where we stand presently.

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“…This may be the case if the crop is harvested before its moisture content is low enough (<15%) or stored in an environment with high relative humidity (RH) and poor aeration [21,74,81]. Other growth parameters, such as the pH and nature of the soil, the availability of carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphates, zinc, and various trace metals also affect the production of aflatoxins [82], but none of which appears to be a limiting factor in the countries considered. These favourable environmental conditions are enhanced by the vulnerability of the prevailing agricultural systems.…”

Section: Crop Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tables show that peanut/groundnut and maize are the most highly and frequently contaminated products, whereas millet and rice are generally less contaminated, although not always with safe levels. The climates that predominate in AEZs where the highest aflatoxin levels were recorded are warm arid and semi-arid, tropical, or subtropical or irrigated desert [82] (see also, Tables 5 and 6; and supplementary materials in Tables S2 and S3 for details). In addition to the climate type, an annual mean rainfall around 700 mm is an additional factor that favours aflatoxin contamination [21].…”

Section: Crop Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins: Production, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Benkerroum¹

2019

Preprint

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This review aimed to update the main aspects of aflatoxin production, occurrence and incidence in selected countries, and associated aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Means to reduce aflatoxin incidence in crops were also presented with an emphasis on the environment-friendly technology using atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxins are unavoidable widespread natural contaminants of foods and feeds with serious impact on health, agricultural and livestock productivity, and food safety. They are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species distributed on three main sections of the genus (section Flavi, section Ochraceorosei, and section Nidulantes). Poor economic status of a country exacerbates the risk and the extent of crop contamination due to faulty storage conditions that are usually suitable for mold growth and mycotoxin production: temperature of 22 to 29°C and water activity of 0.90 to 0.99. This situation paralleled the prevalence of high liver cancer and the occasional acute aflatoxicosis episodes that have been associated with these regions. Risk assessment studies revealed that Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries remain at high risk and that, apart from the regulatory standards revision to be more restrictive, other actions to prevent or decontaminate crops are to be taken for adequate public health protection. Indeed, a review of publications on the incidence of aflatoxins in selected foods and feeds from countries whose crops are classically known for their highest contamination with aflatoxins, reveals that despite the intensive efforts made to reduce such an incidence, there has been no clear tendency, with the possible exception of South Africa, towards sustained improvements. Nonetheless, a global risk assessment of the new situation regarding crop contamination with aflatoxins by international organizations with the required expertise is suggested to appraise where we stand presently.

show abstract

Aflatoxins Biosynthesis, Toxicity and Intervention Strategies: A Review

Cited by 12 publications

References 210 publications

Environmental Applications and Bio-Profiling of <i>Tribulus Terrestris</i>: an Ecofriendly Approach

Environmental Applications and Bio-Profiling of <i>Tribulus Terrestris</i>: an Ecofriendly Approach

Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Aflatoxins: Production, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

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