AFM Characterization of Surface Segregated Erucamide and Behenamide in Linear Low Density Polyethylene Film

Ramírez, María X.; Hirt, Douglas E.; Wright, Laura

doi:10.1021/nl015591l

Cited by 54 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The height of the plates is about 30 nm. Similar plate-like erucamide crystals detected by AFM are described in the literature [24]. In the 50 ϫ 50 m 2 AFM height images the maximum height difference for the copolymer film with slip and antiblocking agent is up to 300 nm, which is significantly higher compared to the homopolymer films without additives.…”

Section: Surface Morphology and Topographysupporting

confidence: 85%

Optical properties of highly transparent polypropylene cast films: Influence of material structure, additives, and processing conditions

Resch

Wallner

Teichert

et al. 2006

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Polypropylene homopolymers and ethylene/propylene-random-copolymers formulated with and without anti-blocking additives were extruded to cast films with an industrial scale extruder equipped with a soft box, a specific air knife that expels a higher volume of air at lower velocity. The films were analyzed as to their optical properties haze and clarity. A comprehensive topographical characterization was performed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal microscopy. To obtain morphological information on a nanometer scale AFM phase imaging, micro-thermal analysis and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were done. A significant effect of additives and processing conditions on the film topography and the optical properties was revealed. The films without anti-blocking and antacid aids showed the best optical properties and lowest vertical roughness fluctuations. In contrast, the addition of anti-blocking and antacid aids reduced the optical properties associated with an increase in surface roughness. While for films without anti-blocking aids an enhanced soft box condition resulted in lower vertical fluctuations of roughness and better optical properties, the behavior was in reverse for films with anti-blocking aid. By means of SAXS crystalline lamellae with a thickness of about 2.5 nm were detected. High-resolution phase imaging AFM yielded thicker crystal lamellae on the film surface. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:520 -531, 2006.

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Section: Surface Morphology and Topographysupporting

confidence: 85%

Optical properties of highly transparent polypropylene cast films: Influence of material structure, additives, and processing conditions

Resch

Wallner

Teichert

et al. 2006

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…2 [12]. Figure 2b shows the plate-like crystals that are characteristic of erucamide at the film surface.…”

Section: "Equilibrated" Films With Various Bulk Loadingsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Relationship between erucamide surface concentration and coefficient of friction of LLDPE film

Ramírez

Walters

Hirt

2005

J Vinyl Addit Technol

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Many polymer films are produced by extruding the polymer in a cast-or blown-film process. Often an additive is preblended into the polymer and, once the film is formed, the additive migrates to the film surface(s). Erucamide is a migratory additive that is commonly placed in polyolefin films to reduce their coefficient of friction (COF). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between erucamide surface concentration and COF of LLDPE films. The erucamide surface concentration was varied in two ways. In one set of experiments, a film containing 5,000 ppm of erucamide was surface-washed with solvent and/or aged at room temperature for specific time periods. In another set, films with different erucamide bulk loadings were aged for 7 days to achieve different equilibrium surface concentrations. The surface concentration was measured by using surface washing, and the bulk loading was quantified by using microwave extraction. A plot of COF as a function of surface concentration showed that all of the results fell on a single curve, regardless of the method used to regulate the erucamide surface concentration. At a surface concentration of ϳ0.5 g/cm 2 , the kinetic COF began to plateau to a value less than or equal to ϳ0.2 for this erucamide-LLDPE system. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 11:9 -12, 2005.

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“…However, the COF k s for the 2500-ppm film were scattered at elevated temperature while the COF k s for the 1250-and 3750-ppm films decreased. Even though there appeared to be no change in surface morphology from AFM analysis, the varying COF k s indicate that there may well have been morphology changes since COF k is sensitive to even slight changes in erucamide crystal structure (6). The erucamide crystals on the POP surface ( Fig.…”

Section: Aging At Elevated Temperature (55°c)mentioning

confidence: 93%

Fate of erucamide in polyolefin films at elevated temperature

Shuler

Janorkar

Hirt

2004

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Erucamide is incorporated into polymer films to reduce their coefficient of friction (COF). At elevated temperatures, erucamide may be lost from the film surface to the surroundings, undergo chemical change or decomposition, and/or migrate back into the film. The major objective of this work was to investigate the fate of erucamide upon exposure to a higher temperature (55°C). Trilayer films containing a polyolefin plastomer (POP) as one skin layer and LLDPE as the other two layers with erucamide incorporated in the POP layer were used. Based on ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, solvent washing, and GC-MS results it was concluded that, upon exposure to 55°C, the major reduction in erucamide surface concentration was due to migration of erucamide back into the film and a slight reduction was due to the decomposition of erucamide present on the surface of the polymer film.

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AFM Characterization of Surface Segregated Erucamide and Behenamide in Linear Low Density Polyethylene Film

Cited by 54 publications

References 4 publications

Optical properties of highly transparent polypropylene cast films: Influence of material structure, additives, and processing conditions

Optical properties of highly transparent polypropylene cast films: Influence of material structure, additives, and processing conditions

Relationship between erucamide surface concentration and coefficient of friction of LLDPE film

Fate of erucamide in polyolefin films at elevated temperature

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