AFM Study of Rubber Compounds

Wang, C. C.; Donnet, J. B.; Wang, T. K.; Pontier-Johnson, Marie; Welsh, Frank S.

doi:10.5254/1.3547869

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…It is known that the phase-contrast optical microscope is a suitable means to distinguish rubber phases in NR/SBR blends, due to different refractive indices of NR and SBR. 39–43 In addition, AFM has been used for morphological study of rubber blends such as SBR/BR, 44–46 IIR/BR, 47 NR/BR, 45 IIR/NR, 48 and NR/SBR. 45,49 Although the phase identification of rubber blends by AFM is not clear in some cases, AFM is known to be easier than transmission electron microscopy for the morphology analysis of rubber blends due to relatively simple preparation of the specimen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber blends prepared by ultrasonically aided extrusion

Choi

Isayev

2013

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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Ultrasonically aided extrusion of natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and NR/SBR blends with ratio of 70/30, 50/50, and 30/70 were carried out at various ultrasonic amplitudes up to 10 mm. A die pressure of NR and NR/SBR blends continuously decreased with increase of ultrasonic amplitude, while that of SBR showed a slight increase with increase in amplitude from 5.0 to 7.5 mm due to a dominant effect of SBR gel formation. Complex dynamic viscosity, minimum and maximum torque of curing curves of NR, SBR, and NR/SBR blends, and cross-link density and gel fraction of their vulcanizates were decreased by the ultrasonic treatment at an amplitude of 10 mm, due to the molecular chain scission. The latter also led to a decrease in the hardness, modulus at a strain of 100%, and abrasion resistance of NR and NR/SBR blends. However, the modulus and abrasion resistance of SBR showed an improvement at amplitude of 7.5 mm, due to a dominant effect of gel formation. Both the tensile strength and elongation at break of ultrasonically treated NR/SBR blends showed a maximum at amplitude of 5.0 mm, with the modulus at a strain of 100% not being affected. Morphological studies using the phasecontrast optical microscope and atomic force microscopy showed a reduction in the size of rubber phases and a better homogeneity of NR/SBR blend by the ultrasonic treatment at amplitude of 5.0 mm. Accordingly, the increase in both the tensile strength and elongation at break of ultrasonically treated NR/SBR blends at an amplitude of 5.0 mm is mainly ascribed to the lower size of rubber phases and improved uniformity of blend caused by the ultrasonic treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber blends prepared by ultrasonically aided extrusion

Choi

Isayev

2013

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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“…AFM has been extensively used to investigate dispersion of fillers in polymer matrices. Filler dispersion can be understood in terms of height distribution, 3D images and average surface roughness of the scanned samples 35,36 . In the present work, dispersion of untreated silica, silica treated with TESPT and silica treated with DMAc/LiCl have been investigated using AFM in tapping mode and the results are presented in Figures 6, 7 and Table 3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Filler dispersion can be understood in terms of height distribution, 3D images and average surface roughness of the scanned samples. 35,36 In the present work, dispersion of untreated silica, silica treated with TESPT and silica treated with DMAc/LiCl have been investigated using AFM in tapping mode and the results are presented in Figures 6, 7 and Table 3. For high and medium NBR compositions filled with untreated silica, maximum scanned heights of 287 and 390 nm are observed with the corresponding average roughness values, Ra, of 32 and 70 nm, respectively and resulting in poor dispersion as shown in Micrographs 6a and 7a.…”

Section: Atomic Force Microscopic Studies On the Dispersion Of Silimentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersion and vulcanization characteristics of nitrile rubber reinforced with N,N‐dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride treated silica

Saleem

Natchimuthu

2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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N,N-Dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) treated silica is used as a reinforcing filler in nitrile rubber (NBR). Effect of the treatment on aggregate morphology and dispersion of silica in the matrix is investigated using XPS, SEM, and AFM. Binding energy levels of O1s and Si2p electrons in DMAc/LiCl treated silica have shifted significantly from 532.49 to 530.98 eV and 103.19 to 101.33 eV respectively. SEM observations have revealed a reduction in the agglomerate size of silica-a desirable feature for realizing better processing properties of silica filled rubber compounds. Data from AFM observations have also shown better dispersion of DMAc/LiCl treated silica. Mooney viscosity of masterbatches, measured at 100 C over a period of 7 days, has not

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“…NUC3 yielded a high tan δ, indicating high antiwet‐skid property and rolling resistance. Topological atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of NUC1‐3 obtained by cyrocutting with a microtomb are shown in Figure 1, which provide topological microphases such as filler dispersion on rubber matrix and rubber surface morphology 21. As for the AFM image of NUC1, a homogenous and smooth surface was observed, and carbon black was well dispersed in rubber matrix.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High performance elastomer composites containing ultra high cis polybutadiene with high abrasion and low rolling resistances

Kwag

Kim

Han

et al. 2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A series of rubber composites with ultra high cis polybutadiene (UBR), NUC1-3, SBC1-4, SUS1-4, was prepared, and their vulcanized properties were measured and analyzed. The ultra high cis polybutadiene was prepared with the monomeric neodymium catalyst, Nd(neodecanoate) 3 Á(neodecanoic acid). NUC composites were composed of natural rubber, ultra high cis polybutadiene, and carbon black. In the composite of a low carbon black content (NUC1, 45 phr), a high abrasion-resistance and a significantly low rolling resistance (tan d 608C , 0.04) were obtained. According to the AFM study of NUC composites, abrasion resistance was closely related with surface morphology. In the SUS composites prepared with SSBR (solution styrenebutadiene copolymer), UBR, and silica, as the content of ultra high cis polybutadiene increased, Dcure torque (M H -M L ) increased with fast cure kinetics. SUS4 showed high elongation and tensile strength with excellent abrasion resistance. Rolling resistance was improved as the content of ultra high cis polybutadiene increased. The SBC composites were prepared with SBR (emulsion styrene-butadiene copolymer), ultra high cis polybutadiene (or high cis polybutadiene), and carbon black. It is remarked that abrasion resistance and Dtan d (tan d 608C À tan d 08C ) are increased with ultra high cis polybutadiene.

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AFM Study of Rubber Compounds

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber blends prepared by ultrasonically aided extrusion

Natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber blends prepared by ultrasonically aided extrusion

Dispersion and vulcanization characteristics of nitrile rubber reinforced with N,N‐dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride treated silica

High performance elastomer composites containing ultra high cis polybutadiene with high abrasion and low rolling resistances

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