This paper reports on an ethnographic case study which was carried out in a Kenyan first-grade classroom. The classroom had 89 students with their 2 teachers who taught at different times. The classroom was very crowded and had a high paucity of literacy materials. The study was guided by sociocultural and dialogic frameworks which maintain that social and dialogic interactions have important roles to play in a child's literacy and language development. Thus, the social life of the observed classroom was central to the children's literacy and language learning. Although there were a shortage of literacy materials and space limitations in this classroom, the Kiswahili teacher's mediating role and children's agency in this classroom were paramount. Through the teacher's dialogic instruction and mediation, the children's voices were recognised and acknowledged. There were dynamic classroom interactions and dialogues which involved different practices such as storytelling, peer-guided reading, play, and classroom talk. The study concluded that meaningful instruction and dialogue are important for meaningful language learning to occur. Also, oral and written language develop simultaneously in a classroom setting. Finally, classroom contexts play a major role in language learning.
IntroductionThis paper is based on an ethnographic case study that investigated oral and written language learning in a first-grade classroom in Kenya. This project was carried out during the second term of the school year. Kenyan schools operate on a three-term system per year. In this classroom, there were 89 children whose ages ranged from 5 to 8 years old. The children were bilingual speakers. They spoke Kiswahili and Kikamba. However, Kikamba was considered as their first language and Kiswahili as their second language. Kikamba and Kiswahili belong to the same language group called Bantu. The children had been exposed to both languages in their community. The people in the surrounding community spoke both Kikamba and Kiswahili. Kiswahili is Kenya's national language and the majority of Kenyans speak Kiswahili. A few educated people (e.g. teachers and civil servants) in this community also spoke English.