African swine fever

Sihvonen, Liisa

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4163

Cited by 66 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Thoen et al (84) and Sánchez-Vizcaíno et al (50) also suggested that systems that wild boar can use as artificial feeding places (feeders, water holes, supplementary feeding of ungulates) should be avoided, as these systems can significantly increase wild boar abundance and spatial concentrations. However, it has been also suggested that this ban may be deemed effective only in regions where the habitat is unsuitable for wild boar and where feeding caused artificial population establishment (53). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relevant Measures to Prevent the Spread of African Swine Fever in the European Union Domestic Pig Sector

et al. 2018

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During the past decade, African swine fever (ASF) has spread from the Caucasus region to eastern European Union countries affecting domestic pig and wild boar populations. In order to avert ASF spread, mitigation measures targeting both populations have been established. However, despite these efforts, ASF has been reported in thirteen different countries (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Moldova, Czech Republic, and Romania). In the absence of an effective vaccine or treatment to ASF, introduction and spread of ASF onto domestic pig farms can only be prevented by strict compliance to control measures. This study systematically reviewed available measures to prevent the spread of ASF in the EU domestic pig sector distinguishing between commercial, non-commercial, and outdoor farms. The search was performed in PubMed and using a common browser. A total of 52 documents were selected for the final review process, which included scientific articles, reports, EU documents and official recommendations, among others. From this literature review, 37 measures were identified as preventive measures for the introduction and spread of ASF. Subsequently, these measures were assessed by ASF experts for their relevance in the mitigation of ASF spread on the three mentioned types of farms. All experts agreed that some of the important preventive measures for all three types of farms were: the identification of animals and farm records; strict enforcement of the ban on swill feeding; and containment of pigs, so as to not allow direct or indirect pig–pig and/or pig–wild boar contacts. Other important preventive measures for all farms were education of farmers, workers, and operators; no contact between farmers and farm staff and external pigs; appropriate removal of carcasses, slaughter residues, and food waste; proper disposal of manure and dead animals, and abstaining from hunting activities during the previous 48 h (allowing a 48 h interval between hunting and being in contact with domestic pigs). Finally, all experts identified that the important preventive measures for non-commercial and outdoor farms is to improve access of those farms to veterinarians and health services.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(16, 28, 48, 53). Finally, Mellor et al (68) observed experimental transmission of ASF through Stomoxys calcitrans flies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevant Measures to Prevent the Spread of African Swine Fever in the European Union Domestic Pig Sector

et al. 2018

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“…There are multiple possible ways of the ASFV spreading, such as feeding animals with food waste [2,13], using contaminated transport facilities and care items, feeds, or staff errors [8,14]. In Denmark and the Netherlands, the transport facilities were recognized as one of the most important ways the classical swine fever (CSF) can spread with [15,16].…”

Section: Titers Of African Swine Fever Virus (Lg Haumentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Temperature on the Russian Isolate of African Swine Fever Virus in Pork Products and Feed With Extrapolation to Natural Conditions

Sindryakova¹,

Morgunov²,

Chichikin³

et al. 2016

S-h. biol.

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A b s t r a c tIt is known that one of the ways to spread African swine fever (ASF) virus is alimentary way (e.g., through feeding animals with contaminated feed and slaughterhouse waste products not subjected to thermal treatment, not passed veterinary and sanitary examination, and derived from epidemiologically disadvantaged regions). A variety of preserved food, such as corned beef, canned meat, bacon, etc., is made of pork products and by-products. Persistence of the virus in these products is not fully understood. For the first time we carried out studies on infectious activity of ASF virus isolates circulating in the Russian Federation, in contaminated pig products, feed, as well as in samples intended for veterinary-sanitary supervision. For this purpose, the 3-4 month-old piglets of 20-30 kg body weight were intramuscularly challenged with virus-containing blood. For inoculation we used ASFV isolate Volgograd-Kalach 2012 with the initial infectious titer of 7.5 lg HAU 50 /cm 3 obtained from the National Collection of the SSINRRIVV&M of RAAS. Three days after infection the animals were slaughtered, samples of internal organs and tissues were taken for virus isolation, and the pork was used for making corned beef, canned meat and salted lard. Blood, containing ASF virus, was also used for contamination of a compound feed and drinking water. To study effects of storage temperature on the virus infectious activity and genome detection, the samples were divided into aliquots and stored at 20-25 С (room temperature), 4-6 С (a common refrigerator); 16…20 С (freezer). The temperatures selected for the storage of samples conform to the natural weather conditions at various seasons (20-25 С in the summer, 16…20 С in winter); 4-6 С is generally maintained in storerooms or stern room in the winter months. Samples from the aliquots were taken with a 5 day intervals to determine the ASF virus titer and its genome fragments. Virus isolation was carried out in a primary culture of swine bone marrow cells for 5 days in two consecutive passages. Hemadsorption test (HAD) and real-time PCR were conducted for ASFV titer estimation and genome detection. As a result, the ASF virus was found in corned beef and lard stored at 20-25 С for 16 days. At storage temperature of 4-6 С the ASF virus was revealed in corned beef during the observation period (60 days). In frozen samples the ASFV infectious activity and DNA fragments were found throughout the entire study period (60 days). Thus, it is found that in food products and by-products from pigs slaughtered soon after ASF infecting the ASFV infectivity persists for a long time depending on the storage conditions and can pose a serious danger as a pathogen transmission factor. The data also allow to predict the temperature conditions conducive to maintaining circulation of the virus in АSF outbreaks.

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“…The suitability, effectiveness and the practical aspects of implementation of the main measures was elaborated elsewhere (see EFSA AHAW Panel, 2015). The results presented here require bearing in mind the uncertainty around quantitative aspects related to the implementation needs and resource requirements of these ASF management options themselves, and knowledge gaps regarding ASF ethology as it affects behaviour of wild boar with clinical disease and the contact transmission between non-socialising individuals.…”

Section: Interpretation Of the Terms Of Reference 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model input consisted of the most recent experimental data on ASF, the wild boar habitat models and the ASF notifications from the affected countries, all as provided by EFSA (see EFSA AHAW Panel, 2015).…”

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Alternative control strategies against ASF in wild boar populations

Lange

2015

EFS3

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ASF is a devastating infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, usually fatal. No vaccine exists to combat this virus. It does not affect humans nor does it affect any animal species other than members of the Suidae family. From the beginning of 2014 ASF has spread in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, mainly in the wild boar, causing very serious concerns. The European Commission requested EFSA to assess different wild boar management options taking into consideration its ecology in the Baltic States and Poland. Therefore, a simulation study was performed comparing control strategy alternatives using a spatio-temporally explicit individual-based model. The model was developed based on literature regarding wild boar ecology; ethology of the ASF virus recently circulating in Eastern Europe; wild boar density maps from the ASF affected regions and an expert consultation meeting. The model results did not reveal one single immediately effective control measure based on accepted wild boar management tools. Strategies using conventional wild boar management approaches -ban of feeding and targeted hunting of reproductive females -were found to become effective slowly over multiple generations of reproduction. Therefore, when applying the strategies, a width of 100-200km is required as buffer zone surrounding the area with ASF detections in order to compensate the forward spread till measures become effective. Massive population destruction (i.e. about 80% of the population in the control area within 4 months with any available technique) or instantaneous removal of infectious carcasses could stop ASF spread already by limited buffer width of below 50km. The equal outcome is reasoned by the avoidance of infectious carcasses when the population was destroyed. Centred on the effective and immediate exclusion of wild boar contacts with infectious carcasses, hybrid strategies including reasonably intensified conventional hunting may suffice to stop ASF spread using a practical buffer width (about 50km) resp. time horizon (less than 3 years) for control while avoiding destructive measures.

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African swine fever

Cited by 66 publications

References 93 publications

Relevant Measures to Prevent the Spread of African Swine Fever in the European Union Domestic Pig Sector

Relevant Measures to Prevent the Spread of African Swine Fever in the European Union Domestic Pig Sector

The Influence of Temperature on the Russian Isolate of African Swine Fever Virus in Pork Products and Feed With Extrapolation to Natural Conditions

Alternative control strategies against ASF in wild boar populations

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