African Swine Fever in a commercial pig farm: Outbreak investigation and an approach for identifying the source of infection

Li, Yin; Salman, Mo; Shen, Chaojian; Yang, Huaqiang; Wang, Youming; Jiang, Zhengjun; Edwards, John; Huang, Biao

doi:10.1111/tbed.13603

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Basically, to test the hypothesis of these contributing factors, analytical epidemiological research or even experimental epidemiological studies are needed. However, the proposed contribution factors in this paper are consistent with other studies, which had already indicated that the contributing factors proposed in this report were credible (Bellini et al., 2016; Costard et al., 2015; Fasina et al., 2012; Gallardo et al., 2015; Guinat et al., 2016; Li et al., 2020; Nantima et al., 2015). In the future, we plan to conduct case–control studies on the basis of the proposed aetiology hypothesis to initially explore the exposure risk of different factors and further analyse the relationship between contributing factors and ASF.…”

Section: Limitationssupporting

confidence: 92%

Epidemic situation and control measures of African Swine Fever Outbreaks in China 2018–2020

Sun

Yang

et al. 2021

Transbound. Emerg. Dis.

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As of 21 April 2020, 176 ASF outbreaks have occurred in China. For each outbreak, an investigation was conducted, including historical data retrieval and traceability of potential contacts. The purpose of this study is to conduct a preliminary analysis of the data obtained from the outbreak investigations, including an investigation of the possible contributing factors of the spread of ASF in China. Based on the epidemic situation and the policies issued, the entire epidemic can be divided into three phases. 71 outbreaks were reported between 3 August 2018 and 17 November 2018; 44 outbreaks between 19 November 2018 and 30 March 2019; and 61 outbreaks between 4 April 2019 and 12 April 2020. Based on the reported outbreaks, the proportional rate of outbreaks in small farms (livestock ≤ 500, 127/168) is significantly higher than that of medium (501 ≤ livestock < 2,000, 14/168; 2001 ≤ livestock ≤ 5,000, 9/168) and large farms (livestock ≥ 5,001, 18/168). The odds of infection related to swill feeding (OR = 2.5, 95% CI, 1.5–4.3) and the mechanical dissemination of vehicles and personnel (OR = 2.7, 95% CI, 1.6–4.5) are significantly higher than those of pigs and pig production transportation. Swill feeding is the major contributing factor for small farms while mechanical dissemination of vehicles and personnel is the major contributing factor for large farms. The average duration from the beginning of the infection to the official outbreak report is gradually decreasing, which means that response speed of industry entities and the animal husbandry and veterinary departments from the beginning of the infection to the outbreak report is gradually increasing. Based on the analysis for ASF outbreaks, some policies and suggestions were put forward, such as improving the biosecurity level of the farms, as well as strengthening the supervision of breeding, transportation and slaughter.

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Section: Limitationssupporting

confidence: 92%

Epidemic situation and control measures of African Swine Fever Outbreaks in China 2018–2020

Sun

Yang

et al. 2021

Transbound. Emerg. Dis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, considering the gross lesions caused by ASFV, it is likely that an affected animal would be identified at this point. However, the misdiagnosis of ASF as contagious porcine pleuropneumonia was identified as a cause of an outbreak at a commercial farm in China [30], and there is increasing evidence that in areas with endemic ASF, pathogenicity and, therefore, clinical detection may be reduced [31]. Assurance that the existing testing methodologies can detect ASFV in food matrices is important since contaminated foodstuffs can pose a source of infection for pigs if not properly discarded (as evidenced in the ASFV outbreak which occurred in Belgium in 2018) [17].…”

Section: Detection Probability Of Asfv Qpcr Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a Sampling Rationale for African Swine Fever Virus Detection in Pork Products

Flannery

Moore

Marsella

et al. 2020

Foods

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African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal disease of pigs caused by the ASF virus (ASFV), which presents a serious threat to global food security. The movement of contaminated pork products has previously been postulated as contributing to the introduction of ASF into new areas. To evaluate the performance of ASFV detection systems in multi-component pork products, we spiked sausage meat with four different ASFV-containing materials (ASFV cell culture, pork loin, meat juice and bone marrow). DNA was extracted using two manual systems (MagMAX CORE, Qiagen) and one automated (MagMAX CORE) one, and three qPCR assays (VetMAX, King, UPL) were used. The performance of the DNA extraction systems was as follows; automated MagMAX > manual MagMAX > manual Qiagen. The commercial VetMAX qPCR assay yielded significantly lower CT values (p < 0.001), showing greater sensitivity than the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-prescribed assays (King, UPL). Detection probability was the highest for matrices contaminated with bone marrow compared with pork loin or meat juice. An estimated minimum sample size of one 1-g sample is sufficient to detect ASFV in a homogenous pork product if bone marrow from infected pigs comprises 1 part in 10,000. We demonstrated that existing ASFV detection systems are appropriate for use in a food-testing capacity, which can provide an additional control measure for ASF.

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“…More typically, and certainly when associated with virulent strains such as those currently circulating in Europe, outbreaks are observed with higher mortality and characteristic clinical signs and lesions (see below) (Sánchez-Vizcaíno et al 2015; Walczak et al 2020). However spread between barns or rooms in a farm may be slower than expected during the early phases of an outbreak (Li et al 2020).…”

Section: Clinical Presentationmentioning

confidence: 97%

African swine fever: a New Zealand perspective on epidemiological risk factors for its occurrence

Kurian¹,

Hall²,

Neumann³

2021

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

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This article reviews key epidemiological and clinical features of African swine fever (ASF). We identify particular aspects of New Zealand's pig populations (commercial, non-commercial, and wild) that may affect the risk of disease entry or spread. Review of published literature is supplemented by analysis of demographic and spatial aspects of the New Zealand commercial, non-commercial, and feral pig populations to provide context around risk factors for the disease that are most relevant to New Zealand. The current Eurasian outbreak of ASF, including recent spread into Oceania, has increased the risk of an incursion of the disease into New Zealand. Large volumes of fresh pork importation (including from countries affected by ASF), large non-commercial pig populations with substantial spatial overlap with the country's commercial industry, limited monitoring of compliance with waste food feeding regulations, and lack of mandatory premises identification for noncommercial pig holdings would likely contribute to the risk of spread of ASF in the event of an incursion. Awareness amongst veterinarians of these risk factors will contribute to national biosecurity and disease preparedness efforts in New Zealand.

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African Swine Fever in a commercial pig farm: Outbreak investigation and an approach for identifying the source of infection

Cited by 16 publications

References 16 publications

Epidemic situation and control measures of African Swine Fever Outbreaks in China 2018–2020

Epidemic situation and control measures of African Swine Fever Outbreaks in China 2018–2020

Towards a Sampling Rationale for African Swine Fever Virus Detection in Pork Products

African swine fever: a New Zealand perspective on epidemiological risk factors for its occurrence

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