African Swine Fever in the Philippines: A Review on Surveillance, Prevention, and Control Strategies

Fernandez-Colorado, Cherry P.; Kim, Woo Hyun; Flores, Rochelle A.; Min, Wongi

doi:10.3390/ani14121816

Cited by 5 publications

References 36 publications

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Species distribution modelling of Ornithodoros spp. in California with consideration of climate variation and identification of ASFV high-risk areas

Gonzalez-Crespo,

Jourdan-Pineau,

Patterson

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly contagious pathogen affecting domestic and wild pigs, with soft ticks (Ornithodoros spp.) acting as significant vectors. Understanding the distribution of Ornithodoros ticks in relation to environmental variables is crucial for anticipating ASFV transmission risk areas. Methods This study employed species distribution modeling (SDM) using MaxEnt and Random Forest algorithms to predict the suitable habitat of Ornithodoros coriaceus, O. hermsi, and O. parkeri in California under current and future climate scenarios (2061–2080). The SDMs incorporated climate, edaphic, topographic, and habitat variables, with models evaluated through 10-fold cross-validation using the Area Under the Curve (AUC). Results Key predictors included Isothermality (BIO3), Precipitation Seasonality (BIO15), and soil type (Entisols). The present habitat suitability for Ornithodoros spp. covered approximately 117,208 km², projected to increase by 6,869.5 km² under future conditions. The spatial co-occurrence analysis highlighted an overlap of approximately 37,242.75 km² between Ornithodoros spp. habitats and feral/domestic pig distributions, expanding to 39,213 km² under future scenarios. Conclusions Identifying high-risk areas for ASFV transmission through SDMs provides valuable insights for targeted surveillance and biosecurity measures. The study emphasizes the need for integrated vector-host management and proactive strategies to mitigate ASFV risk in California.

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Species distribution modelling of Ornithodoros spp. in California with consideration of climate variation and identification of ASFV high-risk areas

Gonzalez-Crespo,

Jourdan-Pineau,

Patterson

et al. 2024

Preprint

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A transdisciplinary approach to combatting the threat of African swine fever in Philippine Endemic Pigs

Portugaliza,

Godinez

2024

Ann Trop Res

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African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious viral disease clinically presented with a massive mortality rate in domestic and wild pigs. The Philippines is home to four endemic wild pigs vulnerable to population wipeout due to ASF. However, current ASF programs are directed toward saving the commercial pig industry, with little effort to protect the country's endemic wild pig populations. Here, we suggest a transdisciplinary collaborative action to examine the impact of ASF for data-driven strategies against the spread of ASF and toward the conservation of the endemic wild pig population. To achieve this, projects should anchor on Citizen Science and Conservation Medicine approaches, aiming at determining the distribution of endemic pigs, characterizing the epidemiology of ASF in endemic wild pig populations, and identifying conservation strategies suitable for and tailored to endemic wild pigs at a targeted area. These strategies should further leverage stakeholders' knowledge and expertise in local ecosystems by sharing valuable insights and observations as they take a holistic and community- driven approach, recognizing the intricate relationship between the ecosystem, animals, and humans.

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Validation of the effectiveness of pig farm repopulation protocol following African swine fever outbreaks in the Philippines

Hsu,

Montenegro,

Miclat-Sonaco

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The African swine fever (ASF) epidemic has severely challenged the Philippines’ swine industry since 2019. The National African Swine Fever Prevention and Control Program (NASFPCP), launched in 2021, aims to provide guidance for managing ASF through surveillance, monitoring, and swine repopulation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of post-outbreak disinfection protocols and government-mandated measures for repopulation standard. Surveillance data from three repopulation phases—(I) depopulation, cleaning, and disinfection; (II) downtime (20 days); and (III) sentinel animals (40 days)—were collected from February 2020 to December 2021 in the province of Batangas. Time-to-detection of positive events were analyzed for different farm types, seasons, or location using survival analysis modeling. Probability of detecting infected farms at different sampling times was estimated in terms of sensitivity of the sampling time. Data from 145 swine farms, including 99 backyard and 46 commercial farms, revealed positive rates of 10.1 and 8.7%, respectively. The failure rate during repopulation surveillance was 9.66%, whereas 90.34% farms remained ASF negative. Sensitivity estimate increased from 18–21 to 89% by day 27, with sentinel animals on that day exhibiting the highest estimated sensitivity. This highlights the importance of sentinel pigs in the NASFPCP for effective ASF control in the Philippines. Survival analysis showed no statistically significant differences in the results between either farm type, season, or municipality level. Geographic mapping of surveyed farms and those with positive detections identified high-risk locations including San Juan and Lipa City as key areas of concern. Enhancing targeted surveillance is critical for improving an early ASF detection and national response in the Philippines.

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African Swine Fever in the Philippines: A Review on Surveillance, Prevention, and Control Strategies

Cited by 5 publications

References 36 publications

Species distribution modelling of Ornithodoros spp. in California with consideration of climate variation and identification of ASFV high-risk areas

Species distribution modelling of Ornithodoros spp. in California with consideration of climate variation and identification of ASFV high-risk areas

A transdisciplinary approach to combatting the threat of African swine fever in Philippine Endemic Pigs

Validation of the effectiveness of pig farm repopulation protocol following African swine fever outbreaks in the Philippines

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