African swine fever virus eradication in Africa

Penrith, Mary‐Louise; Vosloo, Wilna; Jori, Ferrán; Bastos, Armanda D.S.

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.011

Cited by 187 publications

(276 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…The farm-gate buyers enter farms to collect pigs, some of which may be infected, and subsequent visits to naïve pig populations by them or other farmers within the neighbourhood may seed infection inadvertently. Prior studies have established the neighbourhood effect and the role of farmgate buyers in the spread of pig disease (Anon, 2011;Fritzemeier et al, 2000;Penrith et al, 2012). In our analysis, somewhat surprisingly, the presence of a gate at the point of entry to a farm and the presence of a lock for each pig pen were significantly associated with ASF infection and outbreaks on the farm (Table 4).…”

Section: Risk and Protective Factorssupporting

confidence: 47%

Drivers and risk factors for circulating African swine fever virus in Uganda, 2012–2013

Kabuuka

Kasaija

Mulindwa

et al. 2014

Research in Veterinary Science

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We explored observed risk factors and drivers of infection possibly associated with African swine fever (ASF) epidemiology in Uganda. Representative sub-populations of pig farms and statistics were used in a case-control model. Indiscriminate disposal of pig viscera and waste materials after slaughter, including on open refuse dumps, farm-gate buyers collecting pigs and pig products from within a farm, and retention of survivor pigs were plausible risk factors. Wire mesh-protected windows in pig houses were found to be protective against ASF infection. Sighting engorged ticks on pigs, the presence of a lock for each pig pen and/or a gate at the farm entrance were significantly associated with infection/non-infection; possible explanations were offered. Strict adherence to planned within-farm and community-based biosecurity, and avoidance of identified risk factors is recommended to reduce infection. Training for small-scale and emerging farmers should involve multidimensional and multidisciplinary ap-proaches to reduce humanrelated risky behaviours driving infection.

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Section: Risk and Protective Factorssupporting

confidence: 47%

Drivers and risk factors for circulating African swine fever virus in Uganda, 2012–2013

Kabuuka

Kasaija

Mulindwa

et al. 2014

Research in Veterinary Science

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“…In contrast, African wild pigs (Phacochoerus and Potamochoerus spp.) are resistant to the disease (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of African Swine Fever Diagnostic Techniques as a Response to the Epidemic Outbreaks in Eastern European Union Countries: How To Improve Surveillance and Control Programs

et al. 2015

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A frican swine fever (ASF) is a complex and lethal viral disease affecting swine and has a significant socioeconomic impact on both the developed and developing world. It has a major negative effect on national, regional, and international trade and constrains pig production in affected areas. The devastating acute form of the disease is characterized, among other features, by functional and congestive-hemorrhagic disorders of the digestive and respiratory systems and causes around 100% mortality in infected pigs (1). Both European wild boars (Sus scrofa) and feral pigs are susceptible and exhibit clinical signs and mortality rates similar to those of domestic pigs. In contrast, African wild pigs (Phacochoerus and Potamochoerus spp.) are resistant to the disease (2-10).The causative agent of the disease, the ASF virus (ASFV), is a large double-stranded DNA virus and the only member of the Asfarviridae family, genus Asfivirus (11, 12). The virus genome is 170 to 192 kb long (13-17). ASF is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, where it was first described in 1921 (18). Several outbreaks have occurred since then in Europe and South and Central America. In most non-African countries, the disease has been successfully eradicated, the only exception being Sardinia (Italy), where the disease is still endemic (19,20). In April 2007, the disease spread from East Africa to the Republic of Georgia (21), and outbreaks occurred in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the Russian Federation (22). The ongoing spread of ASFV into adjacent eastern European countries, such as Ukraine (23,24) and Belarus (25), and the situation in Russia affecting both wild boars and domestic pigs placed neighboring areas in the European Union (EU) at risk for the spread of ASFV. The first cases of ASF in wild boars in Lithuania and Poland were reported in early 2014 in areas bordering . According to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), during 2014, nearly 260 ASF cases or outbreaks in wild boars and domestic pigs were detected in EU countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Poland). This situation, combined with the uncertainty present in Belarus, has created a permanent risk of reintroducing ASF into the EU via wild boars or the illegal trade of contaminated pork products and waste (31).No vaccine is available to prevent ASF infection. The control and eradication measures applicable are based on classical disease control methods, including surveillance, epidemiological investigation, tracing of pigs, and stamping out in infected holdings. Citation Gallardo C, Nieto R, Soler A, Pelayo V, Fernández-Pinero J, MarkowskaDaniel I, Pridotkas G, Nurmoja I, Granta R, Simón A, Pérez C, Martín E, Fernández-Pacheco P, Arias M. 2015. Assessment of African swine fever diagnostic techniques as a response to the epidemic outbreaks in eastern European Union countries: how to improve surveillance and control programs.

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“…This is because the virus is shed in large quantities in secretions and excretions during the viraemic phase of the disease, including up to 48 h before clinical signs appear (14), and is present in infective quantities in the tissues of pigs that die of ASF. The spread of the virus to West Africa and parts of Central Africa, where evidence for the sylvatic cycle is lacking, has principally occurred through the movement of infected pork (15), in which the virus can remain viable for several months (16). Pigs that recover from ASF may shed the virus for at least 30 days post infection and viable virus can persist in the tissues for longer (17).…”

Section: Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pigs that recover from ASF may shed the virus for at least 30 days post infection and viable virus can persist in the tissues for longer (17). Traditional free-range pig-farming systems prevail in sub-Saharan Africa and enable contact with wild hosts as well as with infected pigs and their remains, while viral circulation can be maintained almost indefinitely in large high-contact pig populations (15).…”

Section: Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into the role of ticks in African swine fever epidemiology

Sánchez-Vizcaı́no¹,

Mur²,

Bastos³

et al. 2015

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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SummaryAfrican swine fever (ASF), one of the most important diseases of swine, is present in many African countries, as well as in eastern Europe, Russia and Sardinia. It is caused by a complex virus, ASF virus (ASFV), for which neither vaccine nor treatment is available. ASFV affects swine of all breeds and ages, and also replicates in soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros, facilitating ASFV persistence and reocurrence of disease. Depending on the involvement of these ticks, and the presence or not of sylvatic asymptomatic animals, several epidemiological cycles have been identified. The disease persists in East and southern African countries in a sylvatic cycle between O. porcinus (of the O. moubata species complex) and common warthogs. In some countries a domestic pig-tick cycle exists, whereas in other regions, notably West Africa, the role of soft ticks has not been demonstrated, and ASFV is transmitted between domestic pigs in the absence of tick vectors. Even in several East and Central African countries which have the sylvatic or domestic cycle, the majority of outbreaks are not associated with ticks or wild suids. In Europe, O. erraticus was detected and identified as a crucial vector for ASF maintenance in outdoor pig production on the Iberian Peninsula. However, in most parts of Europe, there is a lack of information about the distribution and role of Ornithodoros ticks in ASF persistence, particularly in eastern regions. This article reviews ASF epidemiology and its main characteristics, with a special focus on the distribution and role of soft ticks in ASF persistence in different settings. Information about tick detection, control measures and future directions for research is also included.

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African swine fever virus eradication in Africa

Cited by 187 publications

References 80 publications

Drivers and risk factors for circulating African swine fever virus in Uganda, 2012–2013

Drivers and risk factors for circulating African swine fever virus in Uganda, 2012–2013

Assessment of African Swine Fever Diagnostic Techniques as a Response to the Epidemic Outbreaks in Eastern European Union Countries: How To Improve Surveillance and Control Programs

New insights into the role of ticks in African swine fever epidemiology

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